{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T06:14:08Z","timestamp":1788329648729,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A variety of bird species engage in complicated, elaborate courtship displays to impress potential mates. Such displays include wing flaring, aerial acrobatics, choreographed dances, and tail fanning. Though these behaviors are often well studied, the underlying musculature facilitating them is poorly understood. Exemplars of unique avian courtship behaviors include species of the North American sage\u2010grouse (\n                    <jats:italic>Centrocercus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Each spring, males gather in leks where they perform courtship displays which incorporate species\u2010specific sound production, nape feather movement, and importantly, the raising and spreading of their rectricial fan for prolonged periods of time. Here we describe the tail myology of the lekking sage\u2010grouse species\n                    <jats:italic>Ce<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>minimus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Gunnison sage\u2010grouse). We compare the tail myology of this species to that of other, either closely related or similarly sized, bird species which do not engage in rectricial displays. Results indicate tail myology in\n                    <jats:italic>Ce<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>minimus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is adapted for unique courtship behaviors. Muscles of the rectricial apparatus in\n                    <jats:italic>Ce<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>minimus<\/jats:italic>\n                    have greater proportional mass relative to body mass compared to other species examined here, and nearly all other species previously examined. In particular, both overall mass and the mediolateral width of the origination surface of the m. levator caudae are hypertrophied compared to other species which do not incorporate a raised tail fan during courtship displays. Additionally, the muscles that primarily spread the tail fan have relatively more extensive origin surfaces in\n                    <jats:italic>Ce<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>minimus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results provide evidence that the specialized courtship behaviors of\n                    <jats:italic>Ce<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>minimus<\/jats:italic>\n                    have a clear influence on the tail myology morphology of this species, and suggest that sexually selected displays alter the corresponding underlying musculature across birds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T06:46:07Z","timestamp":1765176367000},"page":"705-713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Courtship display behavior influences tail myology in\n                    <i>Centrocercus minimus<\/i>\n                    (Gunnison sage\u2010grouse)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"249","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4310-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander D.","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Committee on Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Negaunee Integrative Resource Center, Field Museum of Natural History  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1081-0552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie","family":"Atterholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences  Pomana California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1360-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Science Miami University  Oxford Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan W.","family":"Seward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife  Durango Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73391-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Handbook of avian anatomy: nomina anatomica avium","author":"Baumel J.J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.251052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Birds of the world","author":"Craik S.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011913804309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex","author":"Darwin C.","year":"1871"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Handbook of the birds of the world","author":"Hoyo J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"CRC handbook of avian body masses","author":"Dunning J.B.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/286109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198548539.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.176.1.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/2.2.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265\u2010020\u201002920\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avrs.2022.100008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/4811958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"IUCN. 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