{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T06:14:07Z","timestamp":1788329647505,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012070","name":"Anatomical Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The medial pterygoid plate plays a critical role in mammalian craniofacial function during suckling and swallowing. The plate supports the tensor veli palatini (TVP) muscle, which stiffens the soft palate to create a posterior seal. Despite its functional importance, the developmental origins and structural integration of the medial pterygoid plate and associated pterygoid hamulus remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the ontogeny and lineage of the medial pterygoid plate using wildtype and conditional knockout mice with immunofluorescence and lineage tracing. Analysis from embryonic day (E)14.5 to E17.5 confirmed that the medial pterygoid plate formed as a bipartite structure, which later fused to the basisphenoid. The dorsal region of the medial pterygoid plate ossified via Runx2\u2010dependent intramembranous bone formation, while the ventral region formed as a secondary cartilage, undergoing Sox9\u2010dependent chondrogenesis, followed by endochondral ossification. The pterygoid hamulus was evident at E14.5 as a condensation of Sox9\u2010positive mesenchyme at the end of the medial pterygoid plate. Confirming the different modes of development, the ventral and dorsal parts of the medial pterygoid plate showed distinct timing and pattern of collagen remodelling, as shown by B\u2010CHP. Lineage tracing with\n                    <jats:italic>Wnt1Cre;tdTom<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Mesp1Cre;tdTom<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice demonstrated that the entire pterygoid process formed from neural crest\u2010derived mesenchyme. In keeping with this, conditional loss of\n                    <jats:italic>Runx2<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the neural crest lineage disrupted ossification of the dorsal part of the medial pterygoid plate, whereas conditional loss of\n                    <jats:italic>Sox9<\/jats:italic>\n                    abolished chondrogenesis of the ventral part of the medial pterygoid plate and the pterygoid hamulus. Notably, TVP muscle fibres were able to maintain their orientation around the residual cartilage in conditional\n                    <jats:italic>Wnt1creRunx2flfl<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants, while the TVP in conditional\n                    <jats:italic>Wnt1creSox9flfl<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants formed a ball of cells that failed to extend towards the palatal region. The ventral portion of the medial pterygoid plate and hamulus is therefore required to guide early muscle pathfinding. These findings establish the medial pterygoid plate as a compound craniofacial element with distinct ossification modes and an important role interacting and directing neighbouring tissues.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T05:35:31Z","timestamp":1773639331000},"page":"759-768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Secondary cartilage in the murine medial pterygoid plate has a critical role in the pathfinding of the tensor veli palatini"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"249","author":[{"given":"Luke A.","family":"Barlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London Guy's Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Institute of Science Tokyo  Bunkyo City Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail S.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London Guy's Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1017802"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1998_035_0101_aasott_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Masticatory function in nonmammalian cynodonts and early mammals","author":"Crompton A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"Crompton A. Musinsky C. Bonaparte J. Bhullar B.\u2010A.&Owerkowicz T.(2018)Evolution of the mammalian fauces region and the origin of suckling."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Textbook of veterinary anatomy","author":"Dyce K.M.","year":"2009"},{"issue":"236","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"573","article-title":"On the development and morphology of the mandibular and hyoid muscles of mammals","volume":"2","author":"Edgeworth F.","year":"1914","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20663"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Notes on the development of the human sphenoid","volume":"44","author":"Fawcett E.","year":"1910","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy and Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2021.151841"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Anatomy of the human body","volume":"53","author":"Gray H.","year":"1974","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62387"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2017.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b03150"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199709001-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Zoo and Wildlife Nutrition","author":"Iverson S.J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2010.07.010"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"392","article-title":"Development of the human tensor Veli Palatini specimens measuring 13.6\u2013137\u2009mm greatest length; weeks 6\u201316 of development","volume":"195","author":"De la Cuadra Bnco C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cells, Tissues, Organs"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1998_035_0530_potpai_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1971.00770060033001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.01.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12212576"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-005-9005-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03860.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13515"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-016-0340-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227301"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.70133","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/joa.70133","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.70133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:33:18Z","timestamp":1788327198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.70133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.70133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.70133","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8782","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}