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They have been viewed as the sister group to Pholidota (pangolins), which is the sister\u2010clade to Carnivora within Ferae. Palaeanodonts display morphological features that are similar to those in pangolins and xenarthrans, which are likely related to their specialized ecological niche. Therefore, it has been challenging to decipher whether shared features are synapomorphies or convergences. Here, we describe in detail the brain virtual endocast anatomy of the middle Eocene palaeanodont\n                    <jats:italic>Metacheiromys marshi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and make morphological and quantitative comparisons with two extant African pangolins,\n                    <jats:italic>Smutsia gigantea<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Phataginus tricuspis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We found several differences between the fossil and extant taxa including in the olfactory bulbs, the cerebellum, and the venous and arterial systems. However, we propose an anatomical feature as a possible synapomorphy uniting palaeanodonts and pangolins in Pholidotamorpha: the presence of a well\u2010developed orbital gyrus and a presylvian sulcus. These correlated features are present in some other groups but are likely derived traits acquired independently, for example in xenarthrans. In terms of the behavioural ecology of\n                    <jats:italic>M. marshi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and pangolins, we suggest that reduced olfaction and eye movement control is likely linked to fossoriality or slow arboreality as previously proposed for rodents. The expansion of the orbital gyrus of the neocortex is proposed to be related to the evolution of myrmecophagy and the emergence of a protrusile tongue in early Pholidotamorpha, acquired convergently in giant anteaters. Overall, this work provides a novel perspective on the evolution of palaeanodonts and pangolins and presents new hypotheses related to the impact of ecological adaptations on the brain evolution of mammals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T04:34:49Z","timestamp":1775363689000},"page":"821-846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Virtual brain endocasts of the palaeanodont\n                    <i>Metacheiromys marshi<\/i>\n                    and the neurosensory evolution of early Pholidotamorpha"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"249","author":[{"given":"Eduard","family":"Cabas\u00e9s Bru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP\u2010CERCA), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA\u2010ICP  Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Moya\u2010Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP\u2010CERCA), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA\u2010ICP  Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra e IUCA\u2010 Grupo Extinci\u00f3n y Reconstrucci\u00f3n Paleoambiental Universidad de Zaragoza  Zaragoza Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Wible","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Mammals Carnegie Museum of Natural History  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Brusatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Mammals Carnegie Museum of Natural History  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3461-3908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ornella C.","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP\u2010CERCA), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA\u2010ICP  Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Section of Mammals Carnegie Museum of Natural History  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute  Edinburgh 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