{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:54:16Z","timestamp":1791406456835,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Comparison of shared morphological characteristics between living and extinct species is essential to reconstructing repeated phenotypic evolution in deep time. For example, the extinct Triassic\u2013Jurassic redfieldiid ray\u2010finned fishes possess tubercles on their snout which resemble the enlarged dermal odontodes that give some extant ray\u2010finned fishes \u201cbristly\u201d snouts. The three\u2010dimensional anatomy of redfieldiid snout tubercle\u2010bearing bones is typically obscured in fossils, leaving the anatomical identity and homology of these snout tubercles uncertain. We describe new aspects of redfieldiid snout tubercles based on a recently collected, exceptionally well\u2010preserved specimen (VMNH 129827) of \u2020\n                    <jats:italic>Redfieldius gracilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    from lacustrine deposits of the Early Jurassic (Hettangian, ~201 million years old) Waterfall Formation of the Culpeper Basin (Newark Supergroup) of Virginia. We determine that the body and skull of \u2020\n                    <jats:italic>Redfieldius<\/jats:italic>\n                    is covered with dermal odontodes, which are extended into bristle\u2010like tubercles on the snout and orbit. The phylogenetic position of \u2020\n                    <jats:italic>Redfieldius<\/jats:italic>\n                    outside of the teleostean total group indicates that redfieldiid snout tubercles evolved convergently from those in living fishes, such as the bristlenose catfish (\n                    <jats:italic>Ancistrus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and the denticle herring (\n                    <jats:italic>Denticeps<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). \u2020\n                    <jats:italic>Redfieldius<\/jats:italic>\n                    does not have strong morphological overlap with extant snout tubercle\u2010bearing ray\u2010finned fishes, limiting inference of their ecological function. However, we posit that the snout tubercles of \u2020\n                    <jats:italic>Redfieldius<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in concert with a covering of pointed dermal odontodes on the scales, may have served a defensive function. The enlarged snout tubercles in \u2020\n                    <jats:italic>Redfieldius<\/jats:italic>\n                    are part of an emerging pattern of increasingly specialized tooth morphology in Late Triassic\u2013Early Jurassic ray\u2010finned fishes that mirrors living ray\u2010finned fishes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:11:11Z","timestamp":1776399071000},"page":"1021-1032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A bristle\u2010nosed Jurassic ray\u2010finned fish (Actinopterygii) bears true dermal odontodes on its snout"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"249","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7102-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Stack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia USA"},{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences Bowie State University  Bowie Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben T.","family":"Kligman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maranda L.","family":"Stricklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2006.01146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"251","article-title":"The fossil fishes of the upper Karoo beds of South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Broom R.","year":"1909","journal-title":"Annals of the South African Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1931.tb06193.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"325","article-title":"An assemblage of mailed catfishes (Loricariidae) in southeastern Brazil: distribution, activity, and feeding","volume":"6","author":"Buck S.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"An atlas of freshwater and marine catfishes: a preliminary survey of the Siluriformes","author":"Burgess W.E.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Denticipitidae, a new family of primitive isospondylous teleosts from West African freshwaters","volume":"121","author":"Clausen H.S.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, Kj\u00f8benhavn"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3565418"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"The relationships of the palaeoniscid fishes, a review based on new specimens of Mimia and Moythomasia from the upper Devonian of Western Australia","volume":"37","author":"Gardiner B.G.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Geology Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1679-62252010000400018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2006.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"A head with a suckermouth: a functional\u2010morphological study of the head of the suckermouth armoured catfish Ancistrus cf. triradiatus (Loricariidae, Siluriformes)","volume":"137","author":"Geerinckx T.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Belgian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163657"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2018.1513009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related species, based mostly on skeletal anatomy. 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