{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:54:32Z","timestamp":1791406472892,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013741","name":"Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The pyramidalis (Py) is a small triangular\u2010shaped anterior abdominal wall muscle, the function of which remains uncertain. We used brightness\u2010mode (B\u2010mode) ultrasound to determine Py prevalence and tested the hypothesis that Py contributed to stiffness of the linea alba (LA) using shear wave elastography (SWE). Py prevalence was observed and documented using conventional B\u2010mode ultrasound in 20 participants (7 male). LA stiffness was measured using SWE with Py relaxed and during Py contraction in 10 of the participants (3 male, mean [SD] age 26.3\u2009\u00b1\u20098.0\u2009years). Py activity was controlled using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), while lower rectus abdominis activity was monitored using electromyography (EMG). Py was present bilaterally in 15 of 20 (75%) participants, unilaterally in 2 (10%) and absent in 3 (15%). A statistically significant difference\n                    <jats:italic>(p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.002) in the mean LA stiffness was observed when comparing SWE measurements of the Py at relaxed (15.7\u2009kPa\u2009\u00b1\u20096.1\u2009kPa, 95% CI 11.4\u201320.1\u2009kPa) and during contraction (24.2\u2009kPa\u2009\u00b1\u200910.8\u2009kPa, 95% CI 16.5\u201332.0\u2009kPa). No statistically significant difference in lower rectus abdominis activity was observed between the presence and absence of NMES (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.517), indicating accurate and isolated Py stimulation. Our results indicate that Py muscle is commonly present (75% participants) and that Py contraction results in a significant increase in LA stiffness, supporting the previously unvalidated hypothesis that the function of Py, at least in part, is to increase LA stiffness and contribute to the biomechanics of the trunk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:13:03Z","timestamp":1776852783000},"page":"1130-1137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An investigation of the functional significance of the pyramidalis muscle using shear wave elastography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"249","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7924-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig L.","family":"Short","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide University Online and Learning Futures South Australia  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0748-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Troy","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jones Radiology  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5422-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania N.","family":"Crotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, College of Health Adelaide University  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kent","family":"Algate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, College of Health Adelaide University  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8412-9570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc A.","family":"Gladman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Benign Colorectal &amp; Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery King's College  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christen D.","family":"Barras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, College of Health Adelaide University  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute  Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Study of human pyramidalis muscle in Pakistani population","volume":"5","author":"Ahmad R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annals of King Edward Medical University"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-023-01732-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2019.102105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330250332"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/b-004-138010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.8543"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-019-00508-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-022-02991-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77123-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-020-02622-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9771\/cmbio.v16i3.24420"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","volume-title":"The anatomy of the human body, the 1st American, from the last Paris ed","author":"Cruveilhier J.","year":"1844"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"AC05","article-title":"Biometrics of pyramidalis muscle and its clinical importance","volume":"11","author":"Das S.S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443619965138"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2726-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-011-0899-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-018-0428-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy083"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2018.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2020\/e1623"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2016.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-021-02733-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Morphometry and frequency of the pyramidalis muscle in adult humans","volume":"32","author":"Kogima R.O.","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1357-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(92)90012-Z"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3406\/bmsap.1919.8873","article-title":"Anthropomorphologie des muscles","volume":"10","author":"Loth E.","year":"1919","journal-title":"Bulletins et M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'Anthropologie de Paris"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-073X.2007.00226.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00027-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Variations in the composition of the human rectus sheath: a study of the anterior abdominal wall","volume":"145","author":"Monkhouse W.S.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-015-1550-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Muscle fibre orientation of abdominal muscles and suggested surface EMG electrode positions","volume":"38","author":"Ng J.K.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Surgical treatment of recurrent inguinal hernia","volume":"6","author":"Orokhovskii V.I.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Klinicheskaia Khirurgiia"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2021.151698"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","unstructured":"Rajawasam P.P. 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