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More broadly, passive joint mobility provides an anatomical bridge between osteological form, soft\u2010tissue constraints, and biological movement. Ex\u00a0vivo range\u2010of\u2010motion (ROM) datasets that explicitly partition soft\u2010tissue contributions across multiple joints and postural types remain scarce for mammals. Here, we quantify layer\u2010by\u2010layer effects on flexion\u2013extension\u2010dominant passive ex\u00a0vivo limb joint ROM across six major limb joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist [carpal joint], hip, knee [stifle] and ankle [hock]) in four quadrupedal mammals spanning differing postures: rabbit (\n                    <jats:italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), chilla fox (\n                    <jats:italic>Lycalopex griseus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), pig (\n                    <jats:italic>Sus scrofa domestica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and pudu deer (\n                    <jats:italic>Pudu puda<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) (one specimen per taxon). ROM was measured sequentially under four anatomical conditions that progressively isolate tissue contributions: intact (S+M+CL+O), myofascial (M+CL+O), capsulo\u2010ligamentous (CL+O) and osteology\u2010only (O). Three trained evaluators passively moved each joint to maximal flexion and extension endpoints. Endpoints were recorded using calibrated photographs, and joint angles were quantified via vector\u2010based analysis by a single experienced assessor. Between\u2010evaluator dispersion was summarised using SD and coefficient of variation (CV%). Passive ROM did not increase monotonically with tissue removal. Instead, trajectories were strongly joint\u2010 and taxon\u2010specific, with frequent intermediate\u2010condition maxima and, in several distal joints, marked reductions in the osteology\u2010only condition after capsulo\u2010ligamentous removal. The wrist showed the most pronounced non\u2010monotonicity, commonly peaking at CL+O and decreasing sharply in O, in some cases, to values below the intact state. By contrast, proximal joints more often exhibited large net expansions across the dissection sequence, although the condition producing maximal ROM varied among taxa and joints. Measurement dispersion also varied by joint and condition, tending to be higher in intact states and in joints that were more complex to manipulate consistently, especially distal joints, consistent with less sharply defined passive endpoints when multiple layers contribute distributed resistance. These results indicate that osteology\u2010only ROM is not a reliable upper bound on biologically feasible flexion\u2013extension\u2010dominant passive motion, because periarticular tissues can both constrain excursion and stabilise alignment within multi\u2010element joint complexes. Accordingly, layer\u2010resolved ROM series provide an empirical anatomical line of evidence that can guide sensitivity analyses in musculoskeletal reconstructions and support cautious calibration of morphofunctional spaces for movement interpretation, including future palaeobiological applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:26:01Z","timestamp":1782825961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Layer\u2010by\u2010layer soft\u2010tissue effects on flexion\u2013extension\u2010dominant passive ex\u00a0vivo limb joint\n                    <scp>ROM<\/scp>\n                    in quadrupedal mammals: An anatomical contribution to a morphofunctional framework"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6608-4054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Medina\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule  Talca Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4686-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Bernal\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Morfolog\u00eda Comparada, Instituto de Farmacolog\u00eda y Morfofisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja  Valdivia Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7944-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Arancibia\u2010M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Morfolog\u00eda Comparada, Instituto de Farmacolog\u00eda y Morfofisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja  Valdivia Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4681-9679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Aburto\u2010Valdebenito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Morfolog\u00eda Comparada, Instituto de Farmacolog\u00eda y Morfofisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja  Valdivia Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1610-4798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"G\u00f3mez\u2010Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Morfolog\u00eda Comparada, Instituto de Farmacolog\u00eda y Morfofisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja  Valdivia Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616839114"},{"issue":"265","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Factors of safety in the structure of animals","volume":"67","author":"Alexander R.M.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science 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