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Family Lamnidae includes the shortfin mako, porbeagle, and white shark which are fast, athletic sharks that swim using oscillations confined to the caudal body and fin. Other lamniforms, like the common thresher shark (Alopiidae), sand tiger (Carchariidae), and basking shark (Cetorhinidae), swim via oscillations that begin anteriorly, impacting a greater proportion of the axial body. Swimming oscillations subject the body to repeated bending cycles, including the cartilaginous vertebral column, the main longitudinal axis of the body. Vertebrae are mineralized with the amount and arrangement varying among species. We investigated morphological variation in lamniform shark vertebrae to understand adaptations to locomotive demands among species. We examined vertebral morphology and mineral architecture of lamniform centra across three body regions (anterior, middle, and posterior) and among six species (shortfin mako, porbeagle, sand tiger, white, common thresher, and basking shark) through micro\u2010computed tomography scans. We analyzed morphology and structure of 139 vertebrae from 24 sharks using meristics, principal component analyses, and 3D landmark\u2010based geometric morphometrics. Through 3D quantification, we identified regional patterns in centrum size and mineral amount which also varied across shark families. In the lamnids, centra morphometrics are largest in the mid\u2010body and decrease posteriorly simultaneous with increased counts of lamellae. Together, these trends suggest the middle body region is stabilized while allowing for rapid lateral oscillations at the precaudal pit. Cranio\u2010caudally compressed centra with high quantities of lamellae were characteristic for common thresher shark centra, likely to support loading in multiple planes from extreme axial bending during tail\u2010whipping behaviors. In the sand tiger and basking shark, we quantified opposing trends\u2014large anterior centra decreased in size along the column with reduced mineralization for slow swimming. We calculated scaling relationships of mineral volume with shark size and identified a negative allometric relationship, suggesting adult sharks may adapt internal architecture rather than contributing to overall centrum size. This comprehensive analysis of calcified structure in lamniform shark centra provides a greater understanding of skeletal tissues and the adaptation of mineralized cartilage to support swimming and ecological needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:32:09Z","timestamp":1784089929000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Skeletons of swiftly swimming sharks: Three\u2010dimensional analysis of lamniform vertebral morphology and mineral architecture"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7875-955X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Knaub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madisan","family":"Biordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6005-5439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2504-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Passerotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apex Predators Program, Northeast Fisheries Science Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  Narragansett Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2903-6037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Natanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apex Predators Program, Northeast Fisheries Science Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  Narragansett Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8721-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tricia","family":"Meredith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAU Lab Schools, College of Education Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3622-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095\u20108649.2010.02616.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2011\u20100066R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Sharks, Skates, and Rays","author":"Applegate S.P.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.2307\/1442941","article-title":"Buoyancy control in the shark Odontaspis taurus (Rafinesque)","volume":"1972","author":"Bass A.J.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.660767","article-title":"Diversity and evolution of mineralised skeletal tissues in chondrichthyans","volume":"9","author":"Berio F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives","author":"Bernal D.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095\u20106433(01)00333\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00481","article-title":"Comparative studies of high performance swimming in sharks. 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