{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T05:44:07Z","timestamp":1786167847828,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GT10473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GT10473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>New World vultures (Cathartidae) are the only birds proposed to lack a syrinx, the avian vocal organ. The prior literature is inconsistent regarding the presence or lack of key syringeal elements in Cathartidae, such as syringeal muscles, membranes, and\/or modified tracheal or bronchial rings. Additionally, New World vultures have largely been described as incapable of producing vocalizations, perhaps due to their described lack of a functional syrinx; despite this, there is a diverse repertoire of sounds made by species within Cathartidae available in online sound libraries. Here, we investigate the cathartid syrinx, airway, and larynx through dissections, diffusible iodine\u2010based contrast enhanced computed tomography (diceCT), and histology. We further assess available recordings and explore the potential identity of these as larynx\u2010 or syrinx\u2010based vocalizations. New World vultures indeed lack labia, bronchial half\u2010rings, and marked differentiation of the tracheobronchial juncture, challenging simple definitions of a syrinx. However, they retain extrinsic syringeal muscles, have modified terminal bronchial rings, extended bronchial membranes, and muscles from the thoracic wall extending to these bronchial membranes unknown in any other birds, all of which may be involved in sound production. This evidence, in conjunction with the variety of vocalization types produced, indicates that cathartid vultures may in fact have a novel form of the syrinx. These findings have implications for broadening our understanding of the necessary components of a syrinx and provide insights into the loss and addition of syringeal elements in Aves. Assessing syrinx diversity is essential to understanding form\u2010function relationships in Aves and the evolution of vocal behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:54:42Z","timestamp":1785218082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Syrinx anatomy and vocalizations in New World vultures (Aves: Cathartidae): Implications for avian vocal evolution"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4534-9554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley A.","family":"Ibarra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6994-5766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen A.","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1343-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas J.","family":"Legendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia A.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4077826"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The morphology of the syrinx in passerine birds","volume":"37","author":"Ames P.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2025.08.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-2008-46"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"Audacity","author":"Audacity Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"142","article-title":"Notes on the anatomy of the condor","volume":"58","author":"Beddard F.E.","year":"1890","journal-title":"Zoological Society of London"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.1202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1676\/20-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"BirdLife International. (2020)Gymnogyps californianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697636A181151405.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2020\u20103.RLTS.T22697636A181151405.en"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"614","article-title":"Ueber den oberen Khelk\u00f6pf der V\u00f6gel","volume":"1858","author":"Boccius W.","year":"1858","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Anatomie, Physiologie, und Wissenschaftliche Medicin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"553","article-title":"Morphology of the larynx of Corvus brachyrhynchos (Passeriformes: Corvidae)","volume":"90","author":"Bock W.J.","year":"1978","journal-title":"The Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.72.1.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2173\/bow.blkvul.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19852"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"330","article-title":"M\u00e9moire sur le larynx inf\u00e9rieur des oiseaux","volume":"2","author":"Cuvier G.","year":"1795","journal-title":"Magasin Encyclop\u00e9dique"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27721-9_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-11-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.026872"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9978"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0431177"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1050-2_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2173\/bow.calcon.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1811491"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1880.tb06568.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1881.tb01335.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.51998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","unstructured":"Garnier S. Ross N. Rudis R. Camargo A.P. Sciaini M.&Scherer C.(2024)viridis (lite) \u2013 colorblind\u2010friendly color maps for R.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=tuneR"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1462-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2385-3_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00312067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/13.4.1227"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Comparative bioacoustics: an overview","author":"Goller F.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-002-0350-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.26.14787"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.75.2.867"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","volume-title":"Bird song: acoustics and physiology","author":"Greenewalt C.H.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4088811"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Ossification of the laryngeal, tracheal and syringeal cartilages in the domestic fowl","volume":"134","author":"Hogg D.A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2173\/bow.kinvul1.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44153-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.106794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1253451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2016.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2173\/bow.gyhvul1.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/d11070109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Form and function in birds, volume 4","author":"King A.S.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Handbook of avian anatomy, second edition","author":"King A.S.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","first-page":"1883","volume-title":"Sisson and Grossman's the anatomy of the domestic animals","author":"King A.S.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804586115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura)","volume":"339","author":"Kirk D.A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Birds of North America"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4625167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1912.sp001511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-020-0351-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.64.056201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0822"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.1.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlae001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12899-015-0019-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22692"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","unstructured":"Ligges U. Krey S. Mersmann O.&Schnackenberg S.(2023)tuneR: analysis of music and speech.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=tuneR"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relationships of the cathartid vultures","volume":"651","author":"Ligon J.D.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0435"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","unstructured":"McGahan J.(2011)The Andean condor: a field study. Ph.D. thesis University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73745-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4082043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40850-020-00057-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","volume-title":"On certain variations in the vocal organs of the Passeres that have hitherto escaped notice","author":"M\u00fcller J.","year":"1878"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","volume-title":"The mechanism of the larynx","author":"Negus V.E.","year":"1929"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02169046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Voice of the Turkey vulture","volume":"27","author":"Pemberton J.R.","year":"1925","journal-title":"The Condor"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","volume-title":"Essais de physique, ou recueil de plusieurs traitez touchant les choses naturelles. Tome III","author":"Perrault C.","year":"1680"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15697"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Vulture biology and management","author":"Rea A.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Notes on the American vultures (Sarcorhamphidae), with special reference to their generic nomenclature","volume":"5","author":"Ridgway R.","year":"1880","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-008-0397-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601262103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2006507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07323-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2008.9753600"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00619784"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00610867"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","first-page":"491","article-title":"Lingual articulation in songbirds","volume":"219","author":"Suthers R.A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","unstructured":"Tama\u2010toa\u2010muka. (2013)Angry condor [Video]. YouTube April 19. Available from:https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6\u2010hZZuTLdww"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0249"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.251298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","unstructured":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. (2023)California condor population graph 1980\u20132022. Available from:https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/media\/california\u2010condor\u2010population\u2010graph\u20101980\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilke C.(2025)cowplot: streamlined plot theme and plot annotations for \u2018ggplot2\u2019.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.cowplot","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.cowplot"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04513-x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.70217","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/joa.70217","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.70217","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T05:20:53Z","timestamp":1786166453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.70217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.70217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.70217","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8782","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"joa.70217"}}