{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:52:46Z","timestamp":1786121566705,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21J14927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21J14927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP26KJ0038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26KJ0038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The pectoral girdle of terrestrial tetrapods functions as a critical interface for transmitting loads between the trunk and forelimbs. While mammals with a parasagittal forelimb posture mainly rely on the scapula as the principal element for load bearing, talpids (Talpidae) exhibit a markedly specialised pectoral girdle related to a hyper\u2010abducted forelimb posture. In talpids, the humero\u2010clavicular articulation plays an important functional role, suggesting that load\u2010transmission mechanisms within the pectoral girdle may differ from those of typical terrestrial mammals. However, because the pectoral girdle of talpids is highly developed as a fossorial adaptation, it is difficult to infer the mechanical environments experienced by each skeletal element from external morphology alone, and the mechanical roles of the pectoral girdle elements are poorly understood. To examine whether posture\u2010related reorganisation of load\u2010transmission pathways is reflected in bone microstructure, collagen fibre orientation weighted mean greyscale level (CFO\u2010WMGL) and cortical bone robusticity (relative robusticity indicator: RRI) in the clavicle and scapula were evaluated in fossorial talpids (\n                    <jats:italic>Mogera imaizumii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Mogera wogura<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Urotrichus talpoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and compared with those of the parasagittal outgroup\n                    <jats:italic>Suncus murinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Talpids exhibited high RRI values in both the clavicle and scapula, indicating overall mechanical reinforcement of the pectoral girdle. In contrast, CFO\u2010WMGL showed element\u2010specific differences among taxa. In\n                    <jats:italic>Mogera<\/jats:italic>\n                    , CFO\u2010WMGL values were consistently higher in the clavicle than in the scapula, suggesting that the clavicle played a relatively greater load\u2010bearing role within the pectoral girdle. Conversely,\n                    <jats:italic>S. murinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited histological characters consistent with the scapula functioning as the principal element for load bearing. These distinct histological patterns indicate that the pectoral girdle is not a mechanically uniform structure, but rather an integrated functional system in which each skeletal element performs distinct mechanical roles. These findings suggest that the evolution of the forelimb posture in talpids was accompanied by a reorganisation of load\u2010transmission pathways within the pectoral girdle, involving a relative increase in the load\u2010bearing role of the clavicle compared with the scapula. This study demonstrates that bone histological characters can provide insights into skeletal function that are not apparent from external morphology alone. This approach may offer a useful framework for reconstructing load\u2010transmission mechanisms in both extant and extinct tetrapods and for investigating how the mechanical demands imposed on each skeletal element have changed during evolution. Future comparative studies across a broader range of taxa will be essential for evaluating the generality of these relationships and for advancing our understanding of the mechanical reorganisation of the vertebrate musculoskeletal system throughout evolutionary history.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T05:15:26Z","timestamp":1786079726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bone histological evidence for posture\u2010related load transmission in the talpid pectoral girdle"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2314-3218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daichi","family":"Nakai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"The natural history of Insectivora (Mammalia) in Japan","author":"Abe 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