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Feeding is central to this transition, as early tetrapods likely moved from predominantly aquatic suction feeding to jaw\u2010based prey prehension and processing. Although recent functional approaches\u2014including morphometrics, functional morphology and computational modelling\u2014offer new perspectives, their interpretive strength depends on realistic soft\u2010tissue inputs, particularly cranial musculature. Here, we reconstruct the principal cranio\u2010mandibular (skull) musculature of the Middle Triassic capitosaur temnospondyl\n                    <jats:italic>Mastodonsaurus giganteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    to provide an explicit anatomical foundation for future functional and modelling studies of stem and early tetrapods and to refine ecological interpretations for this species. We formulate alternative muscle hypotheses within an extant phylogenetic bracket (EPB) framework that explicitly reflects uncertainty in temnospondyl placement (temnospondyl versus lepospondyl origin of lissamphibians). We developed hypotheses from a literature review and digital dissections of contrast\u2010enhanced soft\u2010tissue \u03bcCT datasets from selected extant bracket taxa and outgroups and assessed them against osteological correlates in\n                    <jats:italic>M. giganteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our reconstruction indicates a more differentiated adductor system than commonly assumed, with subdivision of the adductor mandibulae externus and internus complexes and an inferred intramandibular component consistent with a cartilaginous sesamoid (\u2018\n                    <jats:italic>cartilago transiliens<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019) functioning as a force\u2010transmitting pulley. We further provide osteological evidence for previously unrecognised pterygoideus components, suggesting additional jaw\u2010closing capacity and a potential contribution to rapid gape formation. The \u2018tongue\u2019 in\n                    <jats:italic>M. giganteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was likely comparatively weak and less flexibly movable, while as a stereospondyl, it possessed a comparatively strong neck and specialised anterior ribs. Collectively, these traits are consistent with a mainly crocodile\u2010like bite\u2010and\u2010hold prehension ecology and likely indicate kinetic\u2010inertial feeding. Our muscle reconstruction further suggests a more balanced jaw\u2010opening\/closing system that may have enabled compensatory suction during gape formation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:36:01Z","timestamp":1789450561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reconstructing the major skull myology of the giant stem\u2010amphibian\n                    <i>Mastodonsaurus<\/i>\n                    : A case study for early tetrapods"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5845-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palaeontology State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (SMNS)  Stuttgart Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research Friedrich Schiller University Jena (FSU)  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3472-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Lautenschlager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"The Lapworth Museum of Geology University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Witzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6016-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palaeontology State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (SMNS)  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6310-323X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eudald","family":"Mujal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palaeontology State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (SMNS)  Stuttgart Germany"},{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP\u2010CERCA) Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA\u2010ICP  Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0312-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer R.","family":"Schoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palaeontology State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (SMNS)  Stuttgart Germany"},{"name":"Department of Paleontology, Institute for Biology University of Hohenheim  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755691018000695"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"The cranial anatomy of Polypterus, with special reference to Polypterus bichir","volume":"56","author":"Allis E.P.","year":"1922","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Barghusen H.R.(1960)Functional\u2010anatomical changes in the chelonian temporal region. 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