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Crucial to this inquiry are accurate reconstructions of the morphology and behavior that characterized the panin\u2013hominin last common ancestor (LCA). Because all extant hominines besides\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    knuckle\u2010walk, this rare hand posture has received special attention as a possible behavior in the LCA's locomotor repertoire. Arguments concerning knuckle\u2010walking ancestry in hominins typically examine functional morphology to explore possible adaptations to knuckle\u2010walking or leverage biological principles to evaluate the likelihood of certain evolutionary scenarios. Because wrist biomechanics in knuckle walking differ from those of other behaviors, carpals are frequently investigated for possible knuckle\u2010walking specializations. Here, we quantified carpal morphology using spherical harmonics analysis to reevaluate purported knuckle\u2010walking adaptations among an anthropoid sample with variable locomotor behaviors. We calculated Euclidean distances between behavioral pairs to investigate whether the carpals in knuckle\u2010walking taxa appear specialized relative to those of other taxa. Results show that nearly all hypothesized knuckle\u2010walking adaptations are broadly present in anthropoids, and several are specially shared with Asian apes. Some African ape carpal features are shared uniquely with humans and may signal knuckle\u2010walking ancestry. These results overall suggest that (1) the carpals of African apes are not specialized for knuckle walking; (2) to evolve knuckle walking, only few morphological changes to ancestral hominid carpals are necessary; and (3) an African ape\u2010like carpus is not too specialized to be a viable ancestral form from which the hominin carpus evolved.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T03:16:15Z","timestamp":1789701375000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["African ape carpal morphology is not too specialized to represent the ancestral hominin carpus"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9664-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura E.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7600-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Tocheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Lakehead University  Thunder Bay Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Human Origins Program National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caley M.","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Colorado Denver  Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1844-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biren A.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Department of Medical Education, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0460-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeresenay","family":"Alemseged","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois 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