{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:52:29Z","timestamp":1791010349277,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002917","name":"Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\u2010B\u201066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\u2010B\u201066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The cochlear dimensions relevant to hearing capability generally follow a pattern of allometric scaling with body mass in mammals. Nevertheless, humans exhibit cochlear dimensions larger than expected from the body mass, and it has been proposed that this is related to encephalization. In this study, we investigate whether the link between brain mass and cochlear morphology is unique to humans and whether cranial features other than brain mass impinge on the cochlear morphology in catarrhine primates that exhibit considerable variation in brain mass. Cochlear and cranial dimensions (cochlear length, oval window area, endocranial volume, cranial size, and interaural distance) were measured on three\u2010dimensional surface models for 30 hominoid individuals (humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons) and 20 cercopithecine individuals (Japanese macaques, mandrills, and baboons). Relations between cochlear and cranial variables were evaluated using generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) and phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) analyses. The endocranial volume better predicts cochlear morphology than the other cranial measurements in catarrhines. Specifically, the average cochlear length per turn exhibits a strong correlation, while the oval window area exhibits a weaker correlation with the endocranial volume in both GLMM and PGLS. Humans do not deviate from the common allometric pattern of cochlear length against endocranial volume in the catarrhine primates studied here. It appears that humans do not necessarily represent an exceptional cochlear morphology in catarrhine primates after accounting for the cranial dimensions and phylogeny. Our data thus indicate that the link between endocranial volume and cochlear morphology could be a more general pattern for catarrhine primates than previously recognized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:55:03Z","timestamp":1791006903000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cochlear morphology is correlated with endocranial volume in catarrhine primates"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7012-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takumi","family":"Kojima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8367-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Morimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Center for Primate Field Studies, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21298","article-title":"Cochlear labyrinth volume in euarchontoglirans: implications for the evolution of hearing in primates","volume":"294","author":"Armstrong S.D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20251","article-title":"The 10kTrees website: a new online resource for primate phylogeny","volume":"19","author":"Arnold C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511573064","volume-title":"Morphometric tools for landmark data: Geometry and biology","author":"Bookstein F.L.","year":"1992"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127780","article-title":"Disproportionate cochlear length in genus Homo shows a high phylogenetic signal during apes' hearing evolution","volume":"10","author":"Braga J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22422","article-title":"Inner ear evolution in primates through the Cenozoic: implications for the evolution of hearing","volume":"295","author":"Coleman M.N.","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10814","article-title":"Correlations between auditory structures and hearing sensitivity in non\u2010human primates","volume":"271","author":"Coleman M.N.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21199","article-title":"Auditory morphology and hearing sensitivity in fossil New World monkeys","volume":"293","author":"Coleman M.N.","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.102641","article-title":"The cochlea of the Sima de los Huesos hominins (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain): new insights into cochlear evolution in the genus Homo","volume":"136","author":"Conde\u2010Valverde M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2020.102887","article-title":"The cochlea of the Aroeira 3 Middle Pleistocene cranium\u2014a comparative study","volume":"148","author":"Conde\u2010Valverde M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.08.003","article-title":"The bony labyrinth in the Aroeira 3 Middle Pleistocene cranium","volume":"124","author":"Conde\u2010Valverde M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2700-7_5","volume-title":"Comparative hearing: Mammals","author":"Echteler S.M.","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12308","article-title":"Form and function of the mammalian inner ear","volume":"228","author":"Ekdale E.G.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(93)90009-P","article-title":"Patterns of innervation of outer hair cells in a chimpanzee: II. 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