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We quantified metatarsal and proximal phalangeal lengths across all five pedal rays in\n                    <jats:italic>Gorilla<\/jats:italic>\n                    , comparing western lowland gorillas (\n                    <jats:italic>Gorilla gorilla gorilla<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), low\u2010 and high\u2010elevation Grauer's gorillas (\n                    <jats:italic>Gorilla beringei graueri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and two ecologically distinct mountain gorilla (\n                    <jats:italic>Gorilla beringei beringei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) populations: those of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, and the Virunga Massif (Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda). The Bwindi sample, assembled from individuals recovered by the Mountain Gorilla Skeletal Project between 2017 and 2025, represents the first substantial pedal dataset for this population. After separately scaling element lengths by estimated body mass and hindlimb length, Bwindi gorillas' third and fourth metatarsal lengths fell consistently between those of the more arboreal western lowland and highly terrestrial Virunga gorillas, while proximal phalangeal and hallux lengths varied little across populations. Additionally, Virunga gorillas showed longer second metatarsals compared to other populations, a feature we link to their strongly terrestrial locomotor habits. In comparing relative manual and pedal element lengths from the same individuals, metacarpals were relatively longer than metatarsals across all populations in rays 2\u20135, with this pattern reversed in the hallux; among these, only the second ray showed a significant interpopulation difference, with western lowland gorillas exhibiting relatively longer metacarpals than all other groups. Though interpopulation differences in the lengths of pedal elements were generally weaker than those found in the manual elements of the same individuals, these findings suggest that habitat\u2010associated variation in foot morphology can be detected between populations of gorilla subspecies, underscoring the value of fine\u2010grained, population\u2010level skeletal comparisons for refining locomotor inference in the hominoid and hominin fossil record.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.70259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T08:05:32Z","timestamp":1792829132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Arboreal signals in the skeletal proportions of the\n                    <i>Gorilla<\/i>\n                    foot"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3592-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliot G.","family":"Greiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Origins Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Appalachian State University  Boone North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2932-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9843-336X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Lukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Origins Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of West Bohemia  Pilsen Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aventino","family":"Nkwasibwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation Mbarara University of Science and Technology  Mbarara Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thadee","family":"Muhire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund  Kinigi Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Tibenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation Mbarara University of Science and Technology  Mbarara Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason S.","family":"Massey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0481-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juho\u2010Antti","family":"Junno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archeology University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1514-8086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samar M.","family":"Syeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Origins Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Division of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Bosco","family":"Noheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gorilla Doctors (Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Inc.)  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