{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T17:06:49Z","timestamp":1748365609799,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,20]],"date-time":"2018-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title>Injection drug use is one of the major public health problems in Iran. Injection drug use is associated with numerous negative health outcomes, such as blood\u2010borne infections (HIV<\/jats:styled-content>, HCV<\/jats:styled-content>) and injection site skin infections (abscesses, cellulitis). The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of injection site skin infections and its associated risk factors among people who inject drugs (PWID<\/jats:styled-content>) in Tehran, Iran.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>The cross\u2010sectional study was conducted from March to August 2016 in Tehran province. A total of 500 PWID<\/jats:styled-content> were recruited by convenience and snowball sampling from Drop\u2010in Centers (DIC<\/jats:styled-content>) in the South of Tehran.<\/jats:bold> Our primary outcomes were self\u2010report of ever having injection sites skin infections and receiving treatment for them.<\/jats:bold> We first examined associations between individual variables and lifetime history of having injection site infections in bivariate analysis using the chi\u2010square or Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate. Variables with P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value <.2 were included in a multiple logistic regression model.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Overall, 40% (CI<\/jats:styled-content>95%: 30.3%, 52.2%) of participants reported ever having an injection site infection. In the multivariable model, those with low socioeconomic status (AOR<\/jats:styled-content> = 2.4, P<\/jats:italic> = .03), self\u2010reported as HIV<\/jats:styled-content> positive (AOR<\/jats:styled-content> =1.6, P<\/jats:italic> = .01), reporting more than 3 injections per day (AOR<\/jats:styled-content> = 4.1, P<\/jats:italic> = .03) and reuse of their own syringes (AOR<\/jats:styled-content> = 8.5, P<\/jats:italic> = .03) were more likely to have injection sites skin infections. PWID<\/jats:styled-content> who used needle and syringe program (NSP<\/jats:styled-content>) services were less likely to report injection site infections (AOR<\/jats:styled-content> = 0.5, P<\/jats:italic> = .04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>We have identified several risk factors for injection sites infections among PWID<\/jats:styled-content>, including frequency of injection per day, reuse of their own syringes, not using NSP<\/jats:styled-content> services, HIV<\/jats:styled-content> status, socioeconomic status with skin infections in PWID<\/jats:styled-content>. Prevention strategies to reduce skin infections should focus on high\u2010risk injection behaviors and improving access to NSP<\/jats:styled-content> services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T03:18:33Z","timestamp":1526872713000},"page":"258-262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for injection site skin infections among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tehran"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Noroozi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5467-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahram","family":"Armoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee School of Health Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hesam","family":"Ghisvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Noroozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Karimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center Saveh University of Medical Sciences Saveh Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Rafi","family":"Bazrafshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing School of Nursing Larestan University of Medical Sciences Larestan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon D L","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Brown University School of Public Health Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahman","family":"Dieji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychosis Research Center Department of Psychiatry University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Tehran 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coverage of needle and syringe program and high\u2010risk injection behaviors: a case study of people who inject drugs in Kermanshah, Iran","volume":"7","author":"Noroozi M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200003310-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(96)00180-1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cosmetic 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