{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:25:56Z","timestamp":1775535956910,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alopecia areata (AA) is a common non\u2010scarring autoimmune disease that affects hair\u2010bearing areas. A variety of therapeutic options has been used for treating this disease such as corticosteroids, minoxidil, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and azathioprine. Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (TRA) injection is considered the first\u2010line treatment in localized alopecia areata involving &lt;50% of the scalp; however, intralesional steroid injections are associated with a variety of side effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pentoxifylline (PTX) vs triamcinolone acetonide intralesional in localized AA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample included 75 patients (47 males and 28 females) aged 18\u201055\u00a0years, diagnosed as localized alopecia areata. The patients were treated by intralesional injection every three weeks up to five sessions. The patients were classified into three groups according to the used therapeutic modality. Group A: 25 patients treated by intralesional injection of TRA. Group B: 25 patients treated by combined intralesional injection of TRA and PTX injection. Group C: 25 patients treated by intralesional PTX injection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both PTX and TRA intralesional injections were effective in the treatment of AA, but there was a statistically significant difference regarding the response to treatment between the three study groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value\u00a0=\u00a00.01). The highest response was reported in combined drug usage (TRA &amp; PTX) followed by PTX alone and then TRA alone (72.0%, 60.0%, and 32.0%, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pentoxifylline intralesional injection is effective, easy to perform with little side effects for the treatment of localized alopecia areata.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T05:01:57Z","timestamp":1539147717000},"page":"602-607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intralesional pentoxifylline injection in localized alopecia areata"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Abdel\u2010Aziz Ibrahim","family":"El\u2010Taweel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology &amp; Andrology, Faculty of Medicine Benha University Benha Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9579-1727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Essam Mohamed","family":"Akl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology &amp; Andrology, Faculty of Medicine Benha University Benha Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2015.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11530040-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03700.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1084501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152812803590028"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"CD004413","article-title":"Interventions for alopecia areata","volume":"16","author":"Delamere FM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/D36270C6VM"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.6.4.594-598.1999","article-title":"Pentoxifylline inhibits superantigen\u2010induced toxic shock and cytokine release","volume":"6","author":"Krakauer T","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027362629161"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(98)00064-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.38.717"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1990.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-015-0968-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.04.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2016.02.013"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Alopecia areata. 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