{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:49:42Z","timestamp":1780375782721,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder that responds well to treatment with oral and\/or locally injected tranexamic acid but less so to topical application. We hypothesized that this may be due to an inability of some topical formulations of tranexamic acid to achieve robust therapeutic concentrations at the viable epidermal target site in the skin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To measure in vitro human epidermal and dermal skin concentrations of tranexamic acid following topical application of Fairence<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> T\u2010Complex, co\u2010enhancer cream and a Japanese branded cream control (\u201cbranded\u201d) and compare these with estimates of tranexamic acid potency obtained from in vivo human pharmacokinetic and clinical studies and in vitro pharmacodynamic studies on inhibition of fibrinolysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Static vertical Franz cells and human abdominal skin were used to measure stratum corneum, viable epidermal, and dermal concentrations of tranexamic acid using HPLC\u2010MS\u2010MS analysis at 6 and 24\u00a0hour periods after topical application.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skin concentrations of tranexamic acid following application of the co\u2010enhancer cream were robustly within the concentration range estimated to be required for efficacy at both 6 and 24\u00a0hours. Those from the branded cream control were within the lower range at 24\u00a0hours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These preclinical results support the benefits of conducting further studies, including a double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled clinical study, on Fairence<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> T\u2010Complex, co\u2010enhancer cream in patients with melasma. It is hypothesized that a more robust and timely clinical response may be achieved especially in refractory patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T11:55:57Z","timestamp":1579607757000},"page":"2656-2662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["In vitro human skin concentrations following topical application of 2% tranexamic acid in co\u2010enhancer cream and branded cream formulations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1070-3143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue Phay","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hyphens Pharma Pte Ltd Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Marcant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurofins ADME BIOANALYSES Verg\u00e8ze France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0638-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Francis","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Limeway Pharma Design Ltd Dorking UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs.53.389"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12835"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1683414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12465"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0263-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001518"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.09.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12830"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.10.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14764172.2012.685478"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"GuyRH.Normal values for stratum corneum viable epidermal and dermal thickness 2019. 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