{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:42:07Z","timestamp":1787920927542,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014857","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-Guangdong Joint Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81903361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81903361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preservatives represent one of the main causes of skin irritation and contact allergies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To comprehensively evaluate the skin irritation potential of phenoxyethanol, methylparaben, propylparaben, imidazolidinyl urea, and DMDM hydantoin under regulatory acceptable concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A patch test and repeated open application test (ROAT) were applied to evaluate skin irritation in vivo. In vitro alternative methods consisting of the keratinocyte cytotoxicity assay, red blood cell (RBC) test, and hen's egg test\u2010chorioallantoic membrane (HET\u2010CAM) were performed to elucidate the mechanism of preservative\u2010induced irritation responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patch test showed that all test substances showed a weak erythema response. Propylparaben had the highest occlusive irritancy potential in the patch test, owing to damage to the cell membrane. The two formaldehyde releasers showed noticeable skin irritation potential in the ROAT through their cytotoxicity to keratinocytes, while a visible response was observed after applying phenoxyethanol and the two parabens. No filtration was noticed in the in vivo tests, which might be attributed to the failure of subcutaneous vessel alteration by the preservatives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Commonly used cosmetic preservatives have minor skin irritation potential with mild erythema reaction under practical use, especially formaldehyde releasers and propylparaben.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T17:50:52Z","timestamp":1591206652000},"page":"195-203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Skin irritation potential of cosmetic preservatives: An exposure\u2010relevant study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetics School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Research and Development Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetics School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Research and Development Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetics School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Research and Development Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8092-4865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetics School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Research and Development Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071571"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0b013e3182a5d8bc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2009.01647.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000373"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000061"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.08.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10253.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2012.01551.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Regulation (EC) No 1223\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on Cosmetic Products","volume":"342","author":"EC","year":"2009","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union L"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharma.2015.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"CFDA.Safety and Technical Standards for Cosmetics(2015 edition). 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12432"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"DB\u2010ALM. 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