{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:13:33Z","timestamp":1791972813944,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a main cause of aging of sun\u2010exposed skin, but greater attention is being focused on the damaging effects of high\u2010energy visible (HEV) light (400 and 500\u00a0nm). HEV light exposure has increased with expanding use of consumer electronics, such as smartphones, which have a peak emission in the 400\u2010490\u00a0nm range. Sunscreens containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide protect against UVA and UVB radiation but provide limited protection against HEV light.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Iron oxides including red iron oxide (Fe<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), yellow iron oxide (Fe(OH)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\/FeOOH), and black iron oxide (Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) effectively block HEV light, each with a different attenuation profile. Zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and iron oxides with patented skin care ingredients have been incorporated into several formulations to provide enhanced skin protection (Colorescience, Inc).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The percent of HEV light attenuation from 400\u00a0nm to 490\u00a0nm light was measured in vitro using a technique known as diffuse transmittance spectroscopy using a Perkin Elmer Lambda\u2122 750 UV\/Vis\/NIR Spectrophotometer equipped with a 100\u2010mm integrating Labsphere<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> and PbS detector.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Products formulated with zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and iron oxides demonstrated 71.9%\u201085.6% attenuation across the tested wavelengths of 415\u2010465\u00a0nm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sunscreens formulated with iron oxides provide enhanced protection against blue light, especially when combined with zinc oxide. To our knowledge, similar studies with iron oxides have not been performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T08:01:26Z","timestamp":1605772886000},"page":"532-537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Iron oxides in novel skin care formulations attenuate blue light for enhanced protection against skin damage"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8202-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric F.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Line Center for Laser Surgery Ardmore PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry W.","family":"Sarkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sol\u00e9sence LLC Romeoville IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Boland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorescience, Inc. 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