{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:48:46Z","timestamp":1781484526702,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tranexamic acid (TA) can prevent melanocyte activation by various stimuli. Combining TA with either hydroquinone 4% or Q\u2010switched Nd:YAG laser may be associated with greater improvement of melasma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral TA alone and combined with either topical hydroquinone 4% or low\u2010fluence 1064\u00a0nm Q\u2010switched Nd:YAG laser in treatment of mixed melasma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients &amp; Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients were randomly divided into three groups of 20 patients each. Group A were treated with oral TA 250\u00a0mg twice daily for three months; group B were treated with TA similarly combined with topical hydroquinone 4% cream; group C were treated with TA combined with two sessions of 1064\u00a0nm low\u2010fluence Q\u2010switched ND:YAG laser (850\u20131200\u00a0mJ\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 4\u20135\u00a0Hz,spot size 4\u00a0mm) spaced 4\u00a0weeks apart. Patients were followed monthly for 9\u00a0months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After cessation of therapy, the mean mMASI score was lowest in group B (2.34\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.37) followed by groups A (6.38\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.04) and C (7.24\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.95).Mean percentage of mMASI score improvement was 35.91\u00a0\u00b1\u00a024.13, 77.47\u00a0\u00b1\u00a019.07, and 24.94\u00a0\u00b1\u00a027.79 in groups A, B, and C (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). There was a significant reduction of telangiectasia in the three groups. Reported side effects were itching &amp; irritation, post\u2010inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and gastritis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral TA is a tolerable effective treatment modality for melasma. Combining hydroquinone 4% with oral TA is associated with a relatively earlier and better cosmetic outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T16:21:43Z","timestamp":1617812503000},"page":"657-668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Oral tranexamic acid, hydroquinone 4% and low\u2010fluence 1064 nm Q\u2010switched Nd:YAG laser for mixed melasma: Clinical and dermoscopic evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Abdelaal M.","family":"Elkamshoushi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology &amp; Andrology Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa","family":"Romisy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology &amp; Andrology Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9546-4366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salma S.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology &amp; Andrology Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20152771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(81)70071-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2010.00616.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2012.02435.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.99436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.01.004"},{"issue":"40","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Oral tranexamic acid for the treatment of melasma","volume":"10","author":"Karn D","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med 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