{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:42:33Z","timestamp":1790228553457,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cellulite is an aesthetic condition affecting the appearance of skin in specific body regions. When reviewing past literature, a 2\u2010D image of a subdermal septum was created most likely due to the applied cross\u2010sectional investigative methodology. Despite practitioners being aware of the 3\u2010D nature of the subdermal architecture, this is not reflected in the present scientific literature. The aim of this anatomic review is to summarize the past literature and to provide an update on the 3\u2010dimensionality of a subdermal septum with a specific focus on the pathophysiology of cellulite.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review is based on the literature search performed in the PubMed database using the keywords: cellulite (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0777), cellulite, AND pathophysiology (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a053). The articles obtained were screened and those focusing on \u201ccellulitis\u201d or other non\u2010cellulite\u2010related topics were additionally excluded resulting in a total of <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a038 relevant articles which were evaluated for the purpose of this anatomic review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The skin is comprised of two fat layers (superficial and deep), separated by the superficial fascia. The dynamic 3\u2010D interplay between retinacula cutis, fascia, and fat, with anatomic differences between men and women, highlights a complex anatomic construct with direct implications for the formation and treatment of cellulite.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 3\u2010dimensionality of a subdermal septum provides important clinical clues to understanding the underlying mechanisms and pathogenesis of cellulite. The 3\u2010D approach, in contrast to the past 2\u2010D models, presents a robust foundation for understanding and developing future cellulite therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T14:34:31Z","timestamp":1652625271000},"page":"3232-3239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Anatomic update on the <scp>3\u2010dimensionality<\/scp> of the subdermal septum and its relevance for the pathophysiology of cellulite"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7210-6566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Cotofana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Kaminer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skincare Physicians  Chestnut Hill Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2016.1269928"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780849374548-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000002388"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"American Society of Plastic Surgeons.2018National plastic surgery statistics. 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