{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:15:18Z","timestamp":1783703718322,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Numerous studies have shown that various products of <jats:italic>Citrus sinensis<\/jats:italic>, for example, crude extracts, essential oil, and purified components, possess anti\u2010acne properties. However, the development of chlorogenic acid\u2010functionalized silver nanoparticles of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0sinensis<\/jats:italic> in gel matrix aiding QbD design has not been evaluated for acne treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we have developed chlorogenic acid\u2010functionalized silver nanoparticles of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0sinensis<\/jats:italic> in a gel matrix employing a QbD approach for acne treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Method<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Citrus sinensis<\/jats:italic> extract\u2010loaded silver nanoparticles were functionalized with chlorogenic acid, which acted as a bio\u2010reducing agent and further improved anti\u2010acne properties. The developed formulation was optimized via Box\u2010Behnken Design. The formulation morphology was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The release profile of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0sinensis<\/jats:italic> extract formulation was assessed by an in vitro release study and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Moreover, the characterization study of the gel was performed that included an evaluation of the extrudability and spreadability of the developed gel. Furthermore, the anti\u2010oxidant efficacy of AgN\u2010CA formulation was validated using the DPPH test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed a particle size of 71.78\u2009nm, a polydispersity index of 0.297, a zeta potential of \u221236.12 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 79.42%\u2009\u00b1\u20096.79%. The results also indicated a uniform particle size. The release profile of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0sinensis<\/jats:italic> extract revealed that 73.95% of the drug was released, whereas CLSM pictures of mice skin evidently demonstrated that the rhodamine B\u2010treated AgN\u2010CA gel penetrated much more extensively in comparison to the control. Furthermore, the anti\u2010oxidant efficacy of AgN\u2010CA formulation was validated using the DPPH test. Moreover, the characterization study of the developed gel, including its extrudability and spreadability, was found to be 16.02\u2009\u00b1\u20093.21\u2009g and 30.73\u2009\u00b1\u20095.94\u2009g\u2009cm\/s, respectively. Also, texture analysis findings revealed that AgN\u2010CA gel had firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, and viscosity index of 159.69\u2009g, 634.95\u2009g\u2009s, \u2212116.33\u2009g, and \u2212501.80\u2009g\u2009s, respectively, indicating that the AgN\u2010CA gel was stable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study showed that AgN\u2010CA is an effective drug carrier system for the topical administration of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0sinensis<\/jats:italic> extract for the treatment of acne.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T08:54:35Z","timestamp":1672995275000},"page":"1613-1627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Microwave\u2010assisted and chemically tailored chlorogenic acid\u2010functionalized silver nanoparticles of <i>Citrus sinensis<\/i> in\u00a0gel\u00a0matrix aiding QbD design for the treatment of acne"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Aftab","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University  Al Kharj Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed I.","family":"Foudah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University  Al Kharj Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University  Al Kharj Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan S.","family":"Yusufoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry College of Dentistry and Pharmacy Buraydah Private Colleges  Buraydah 51418 Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Sutaria AH","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v10i6-s.4453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03399"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Formulations for Acne Based on Orange (Citrus sinensis) and Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L) Essential Oils","author":"Matiz G","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.25580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201620140562"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2013.7492"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03801-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2016.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Polymeric nanoparticles loaded with the 3, 5, 3\u2032\u2010triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac), a thyroid hormone: factorial design, characterization, and release kinetics","volume":"5","author":"Santos K","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103414"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/mnl.2011.0152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ed084p322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17518253.2018.1502365"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9477-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2017.1344333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.35414"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01932691.2021.1942036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(01)00103-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2014.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-198-1_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"1908","article-title":"Chemical engineering of a lipid nano\u2010scaffold for the solubility enhancement of an antihyperlipidaemic drug, simvastatin; preparation, optimization, physicochemical characterization and pharmacodynamic study","volume":"46","author":"Alam M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2006.01.015"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jocd.15611","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jocd.15611","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jocd.15611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T23:37:11Z","timestamp":1692661031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jocd.15611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jocd.15611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.15611","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1473-2130","1473-2165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1473-2130","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}