{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:01:27Z","timestamp":1788559287000,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) has quickly transitioned from a research tool to an adjunct diagnostic bedside tool, providing the opportunity for noninvasive evaluation of skin lesions with histologic resolution. RCM is an optical imaging technique that uses near\u2010infrared excitation wavelengths and safe low\u2010power lasers. En\u2010face images of different skin layers (up to the superficial dermis) are acquired in grayscale based on the reflective indices of tissue components. Melanin has the highest reflective index (contrast) and appears bright on RCM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>We present a review of the current literature on the use of RCM in the diagnosis and management of pigmentary disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed PubMed and Ovid Medline databases from January 2000 to June 2021, using MeSH key terms: \u201creflectance confocal microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, pigmentary disorders, treatment, melasma, vitiligo, freckles, solar lentigo, lentigo, tattoo, complications, melanoma, skin cancers, pigmented lesions, post inflammatory, melanin, photoaging\u201d to identify studies and review articles discussing the use of RCM in the diagnosis and management of pigmentary disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>RCM findings of pigmentary disorders were divided into the following categories: (1) disorders of increased pigmentation (post\u2010inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, Riehl's melanosis, solar lentigines, ephelides, hori nevus, naevus of Ota, caf\u00e9\u2010au\u2010lait macules, melanocytic nevus, melanoma, nevus spilus, labial mucosal melanosis, and mucosal melanoma), (2) disorders of decreased pigmentation or depigmentation (post\u2010inflammatory hypopigmentation, vitiligo, nevus depigmentosus, halo nevus), and (3) exogenous pigmentation (tattoo, ochronosis).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>RCM has been explored and proven valuable for the evaluation and management of pigmentary disorders including melasma, vitiligo, solar lentigines, tattoo, and tattoo\u2010related complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T04:47:01Z","timestamp":1695876421000},"page":"3213-3222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The role of reflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis and management of pigmentary disorders: A review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4748-1556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Banu","family":"Farabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department New York Medical College\/Metropolitan Hospital Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4750-616X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samavia","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dermatology Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School  Somerset New Jersey USA"},{"name":"Rao Dermatology  Atlantic Highlands New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marielle","family":"Jamgochian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dermatology Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School  Somerset New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Fatih","family":"Atak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology and Venerology Department Ankara University School of Medicine  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manu","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babar K.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dermatology Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School  Somerset New Jersey USA"},{"name":"Rao Dermatology  Atlantic Highlands New Jersey USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2018-0124-OA"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.01057.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2011.00517.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13932"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1982.tb00500.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12797"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.05.097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Atlas of confocal 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