{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:25:19Z","timestamp":1787592319461,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Methimazole, an oral antithyroid drug, has recently gained attention for its skin\u2010brightening effects when applied topically to treat melasma. This study aims to develop, optimize, and characterize a methimazole microemulsion as a novel, safe approach for local melasma treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prepared microemulsion formulations containing 3% methimazole by combining appropriate amounts of surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 20), propylene glycol cosurfactant, and an oil phase (oleic acid\u2010transcutol p at a 1:10 ratio). We then assessed droplet size, stability, viscosity, and skin permeation using rat skin models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The microemulsions' droplet sizes ranged from 7.06 to 28.13\u2009nm, with viscosities between 120 and 254 centipoises. Our analysis identified droplet size, viscosity, and membrane release as significant independent variables. We determined the permeability parameters of the optimal formulation through rat skin, including steady\u2010state permeability rate (J<jats:sub>ss<\/jats:sub>), permeability coefficient (p), lag time (T<jats:sub>lag<\/jats:sub>), and apparent diffusion coefficient (D<jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that the microemulsions' characteristics, physicochemical properties, and in\u00a0vitro release depended on the surfactant\u2010to\u2010cosurfactant ratio, water content, and oil content. We developed an optimal formulation with a high surfactant\u2010to\u2010cosurfactant ratio and low water and oil percentages. This formulation shows potential for commercialization and manufacturing of final products.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T04:24:06Z","timestamp":1723523046000},"page":"4315-4324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development and optimization of a methimazole microemulsion for topical application: Formulation characteristics and transdermal permeation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1505-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anayatollah","family":"Salimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"Nanotechnology Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadis","family":"Hoseinzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1462-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Mohammad Soleymani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Research Development Centre, Imam Hossein Educational Hospital Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914628107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05660"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.57602"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.26.1365"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Current and emerging treatment options for Graves' hyperthyroidism","volume":"6","author":"Abraham P","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.8.3.222"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70419-7_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22509.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"The use of Nano\u2010carriers in transdermal drug delivery","volume":"19","author":"Salimi A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jundishapur Sci Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics9030027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics9040037"},{"issue":"216","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Tadalafil transdermal drug delivery using microemulsion formulation in laboratory model","volume":"32","author":"Salimi A","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Altered skin permeation of finasteride using clove oil, urea, and lyophilized powder of grape seed extract","volume":"13","author":"Salimi A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Pharm Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.120352"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2019.067"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"865","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of cyanocobalamin (Vit B12) microemulsion properties and structure for topical and transdermal application","volume":"16","author":"Salimi A","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.4.c12"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Design and assessment of a microemulsion\u2010based transdermal drug delivery system for meloxicam; examination of formulation ingredients","volume":"48","author":"Salimi A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fabad J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260480111"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6865(98)00014-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.11.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000148222"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000088509"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.06.021"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of celecoxib through rat skin from various microemulsions","volume":"3","author":"Salimi A","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Res J Pharm Appl Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjnpp.13938"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","article-title":"Protective effects of micro\u2010emulsion of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) kernel extract on Methimazole\u2010induced nephrotoxicity in mice","volume":"14","author":"Kalantari H","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Nat Pharma Prod"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-012-9762-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03190043"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2.7.723"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015845632280"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(95)00088-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0723564"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132007000700006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(91)90274-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-100100984"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600651222"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.03.020"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jocd.16528","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T06:30:27Z","timestamp":1741761027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jocd.16528"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jocd.16528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.16528","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1473-2130","1473-2165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1473-2130","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}