{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:28:22Z","timestamp":1792081702573,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Botulinum toxin A (BTX\u2010A) is a widely utilized protein derived from the bacterium\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , known for its effectiveness in treating various medical conditions involving muscle spasticity, involuntary muscle movements, and pain disorders. Beyond its therapeutic applications, BTX\u2010A is also commonly used in cosmetic procedures to address dynamic wrinkles, hyperhidrosis, sebum production, pore size, and overall skin texture. While the use of neurotoxins like BTX\u2010A for treating conditions such as UVB\u2010induced hyperpigmentation, specifically melasma, is an emerging area of interest, it is not yet a widely recognized treatment for this dermatologic condition. This literature review serves to provide a consolidated overview of the current therapeutic implications of BTX\u2010A treatment for melasma and explore its proposed mechanisms of action.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current evidence base for the efficacy of BTX\u2010A treatment on melasma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To gain a comprehensive understanding on the current theories regarding BTX\u2010A treatment on melasma, a literature review was conducted on all the available information using PubMed. A combination of keywords was used to maximize the search results, including \u201cbotulinum toxin,\u201d \u201cmelasma,\u201d \u201cmelanogenesis,\u201d \u201cneurotoxin,\u201d \u201ccholinergic system,\u201d \u201cBTX\u2010A,\u201d and \u201cUV\u2010induced melasma.\u201d The search was not restricted by date, allowing for the inclusion of articles offering historical context and those providing the most recent findings. Ninety\u2010eight articles were reviewed to provide a consolidated update on the effectiveness of botulinum toxin A in reducing the appearance of melasma and potential mechanisms of action involved in doing so.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Melasma is a challenging dermatologic condition due to its chronicity and various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence its pathogenesis. While current treatment options for melasma include topical, oral, and light\u2010based therapies, recent studies suggest that BTX\u2010A may hold potential as a viable treatment modality for melasma. Despite the mechanism of action remaining unclear, it is hypothesized that BTX\u2010A inhibition of Ach receptors on melanocytes could play a role in the reduction of melanogenesis. BTX\u2010A treatment in melasma\u2010affected skin demonstrates statistically significant reduction in hyperpigmented lesions associated with melasma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T07:29:29Z","timestamp":1731482969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Melasma Management: A Comprehensive Review of Treatment Strategies Including\n                    <scp>BTX\u2010A<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Kania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Laser &amp; Surgery Specialists, A Division of Schweiger Dermatology Group  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Lolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Laser &amp; Surgery Specialists, A Division of Schweiger Dermatology Group  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8950-439X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Laser &amp; Surgery Specialists, A Division of Schweiger Dermatology Group  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. 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