{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:51:34Z","timestamp":1791496294957,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Valproic acid (VPA) is used to treat various neurological and psychiatric conditions. While oral VPA can cause hair loss, topical application has shown potential for hair regeneration. This study aimed to develop and evaluate microemulsion (ME) formulations of VPA for enhanced transfollicular delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VPA\u2010loaded MEs were prepared using oleic acid, Transcutol P, Tween 80, Labrasol, and Capryol 90. The MEs were characterized for physicochemical properties, stability, in\u00a0vitro release, and ex\u00a0vivo permeation through the hairy abdominal and nonhairy ear skin of guinea pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight stable ME formulations were developed with droplet sizes ranging from 10 to 24\u2009nm, pH 4.6 to 5.2, and viscosity 77 to 85\u2009cps. In\u00a0vitro release studies showed controlled release profiles over 24\u2009h. Permeation studies revealed enhanced drug delivery through both follicular and nonfollicular pathways compared with aqueous VPA solution. Formulations with higher surfactant\/cosurfactant ratios showed increased permeation through the follicular pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ME formulations significantly enhanced VPA penetration into both epidermal and follicular pathways compared with aqueous solution. The composition of the MEs, particularly the oil content, water content, and surfactant\/cosurfactant ratio, played a crucial role in determining the physicochemical properties and skin permeation parameters of VPA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T03:43:30Z","timestamp":1732074210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Formulation and Evaluation of Valproic Acid Microemulsions for Enhanced Transfollicular Delivery in Guinea Pig Skin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1505-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anayatollah","family":"Salimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"Nanotechnology Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soroush","family":"Jafarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4242-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arghavan","family":"Salimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1462-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Mohammad Soleymani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Centre, Imam Hossein Educational Hospital Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.084285"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2017.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.01154-4.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.03.096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/nm.2012.31016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613479387"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.169587"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000155550410021466"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12422"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001249"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2019.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(96)01559-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(02)00116-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"543","article-title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Celecoxib Nanoemulsion for Ocular Drug Delivery","volume":"11","author":"Salimi A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics (AJP)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","article-title":"Transfollicular Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"13","author":"Salimi A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Tretinoin Microemulsion Based on Pseudo\u2010Ternary Phase Diagram","volume":"2","author":"Moghimipour E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/apb.2020.028"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"865","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12) Microemulsion Properties and Structure for Topical and Transdermal Application","volume":"16","author":"Salimi A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"336","article-title":"Transepidermal or Transfollicular Absorption? In\u00a0Vivo and In\u00a0Vitro Studies in Hairy and Non\u2010Hairy Guinea Pig Skin With Sodium (22Na) and Mercuric (203Hg) Chlorides","volume":"48","author":"Wahlberg J. 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