{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:20:38Z","timestamp":1787793638096,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Melasma is a prevalent skin condition that primarily affects females of reproductive age. Despite the various available treatments, managing melasma is challenging due to frequent relapses and partial responses. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has gained attention as a potential treatment because of its antifibrinolytic and anti\u2010melanogenic properties. However, there is still limited information on the efficacy of oral versus topical TXA formulations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim<\/jats:title>\n The present investigation explored the efficacy and safety of topical versus oral TXA in melasma patients to determine whether topical administration could provide a viable alternative with improved tolerability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients\/Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In this single\u2010center randomized trial, 50 melasma patients received oral TXA (250\u2009mg twice daily) or topical TXA (a 5% cream applied twice daily) for 12\u2009weeks. Melasma severity was measured using the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) score at baseline and after 3\u2009months. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24, with\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05 considered statistically significant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty female patients (mean age\u224839.9\u2009years) were equally randomized to the oral and topical TXA group. One patient in the topical group discontinued treatment due to sensitivity, while all in the oral group completed the study. At baseline, MASI scores were not significantly different between the two groups (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.28). After 12\u2009weeks, both groups demonstrated significant reductions in MASI scores (oral group: 58.86%; topical group: 50.88%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.001 for each), though the difference was insignificant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty female patients (mean age\u224839.9\u2009years) were equally randomized to the oral and topical TXA groups. One patient in the topical group discontinued treatment due to sensitivity, while all in the oral group completed the study. Baseline MASI scores were similar (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.28). After 12\u2009weeks, both groups demonstrated significant reductions in MASI scores (oral group: 58.86%; topical group: 50.88%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.001 for each), though the difference was not statistically significant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Both forms of TXA are effective with low side effects. The choice between oral and topical TXA can depend on patient preference and convenience.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.70428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T12:47:33Z","timestamp":1757422053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Randomized Clinical Trial on the Efficacy of Oral Tranexamic Acid Versus Topical Tranexamic Acid in Treatment of Melasma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3497-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behrooz","family":"Heydari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4248-6428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Golnaz Alsadat Habibzadeh","family":"Meibodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9581-5100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh","family":"Ardakani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4791-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Ramezani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2397-9171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fateme","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdd.ijdd_37_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.142484"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.140290"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_209_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S33276"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Comparison of Oral Versus Topical Tranexamic Acid for Treatment of Melasma","volume":"30","author":"Agrawal M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"IP Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.idoj_797_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.84722"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"558","article-title":"Medical Management of Melasma: A Review With Consensus Recommendations by Indian Pigmentary Expert Group","volume":"62","author":"Sarkar R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Journal of 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