{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T09:48:22Z","timestamp":1782294502472,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hyperpigmentation, caused by excessive melanin accumulation, is a significant cosmetic concern in dermatology. Natural compounds are receiving attention as safe and effective skin\u2010lightening agents due to their antioxidant properties and ability to inhibit melanin synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the antioxidant and melanin biosynthesis inhibitory effects of leatherleaf fern water extract (LFWE) and the skin\u2010lightening efficacy of a facial serum containing LFWE through in\u00a0vitro and clinical trials:<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of LFWE were confirmed in\u00a0vitro, along with its inhibitory effects on factors involved in melanin biosynthesis. Its skin\u2010lightening effects were then validated through clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LFWE demonstrated excellent 1,1\u2010diphenyl\u20102\u2010picrylhydrazyl and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity and inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity in a concentration\u2010dependent manner. LFWE also suppressed melanin biosynthesis in B16\u2010F10 melanoma cells without toxicity up to 500\u2009\u03bcg\/mL and significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of tyrosinase, TRP\u20101, and TRP\u20102, which promote melanin production. Clinical trials of a serum containing LFWE showed that it reduced the melanin index after 4 and 8\u2009weeks, thereby confirming its skin\u2010lightening effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LFWE exerts excellent antioxidant effects and inhibits the expression of factors involved in melanin biosynthesis, thereby demonstrating skin\u2010lightening effects. Moreover, LFWE\u2010containing serum significantly reduced melanin indices in clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.70844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:15:49Z","timestamp":1775625349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Skin\u2010Lightening Efficacy of Leatherleaf Fern Extract and a Leatherleaf Fern\u2010Based Facial Serum In\u00a0Vitro and Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0089-728X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung\u2010Wook","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fusion and Convergence Seowon University  Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u2010Won","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyungpook National University  Daegu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A\u2010Reum","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Creative Innovation Researcher Center Cosmecca Korea co. Ltd.  Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang\u2010Eui","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Creative Innovation Researcher Center Cosmecca Korea co. Ltd.  Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u2010Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetic Science and Technology Seowon University  Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2011.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200001050-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00967"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051231"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115574"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9pp00059c"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-11-0436"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/ph.2023.2490"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/ijpni.2015.06"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X231156704"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2020.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6299(16)31301-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/botlinnean\/box072"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"471","article-title":"Anti\u2010Inflammatory Effects of \n                     Rumohra adiantiformis\n                   Extracts Fermented With Bocista Plumbea Mycelium in LPS\u2010Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells","volume":"33","author":"Hong J. 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