{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T03:00:36Z","timestamp":1781319636358,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cosmetic Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper\u2010face botulinum toxin treatment planning often relies on surface landmarks and standardized injection patterns, yet neuromuscular junctions are distributed in muscle\u2010specific motor zones that vary in topography, depth, and overlap. Injecting near an optimal motor zone has been associated with greater clinical effect, suggesting that mapping these patterns may refine anatomy\u2010guided targeting and reduce variability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To synthesize anatomical evidence on micro\u2010innervation and neuromuscular junction clustering in the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, orbicularis oculi, procerus, and depressor supercilii.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A clinician\u2010oriented \u201canatomy\u2010to\u2010practice\u201d narrative review was conducted. Studies with extractable human, muscle\u2010level micro\u2010innervation mapping were synthesized qualitatively, emphasizing cluster location, depth, and distribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuromuscular junctions were nonuniformly distributed, forming muscle\u2010specific distribution patterns, ranging from more discrete, clustered territories to diffuse fields. They tended to concentrate in the mid\u2010 to upper\u2010frontalis belly along the deep fascial surface; in the corrugator supercilii, predominantly within the medial portion and at greater depth, centrally and inferiorly along the orbital rim in the depressor supercilii; and inferiorly near the nasion in the procerus. In the orbicularis oculi, neuromuscular junctions were diffusely distributed across the muscle. Given heterogeneous and often proxy\u2010based mapping, these territories are best interpreted as probabilistic fields.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Micro\u2010innervation and neuromuscular junction distribution represent a complementary anatomical layer that may inform upper\u2010face botulinum toxin treatment planning alongside dynamic assessment, clinical judgment, and established safety considerations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.70921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:23:52Z","timestamp":1778736232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Neuromuscular Junction Distribution in the Upper Face: An Anatomy\u2010to\u2010Practice Review to Inform Botulinum Toxin Type A Treatment Planning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1083-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiano Nadson","family":"Magacho\u2010Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Magacho Institute for Health Education  Fortaleza Cear\u00e1 Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Aesthetic, and Surgical Dermatology Batista Memorial Hospital  Fortaleza Cear\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341\u2010199103000\u201000007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266\u2010013\u20100178\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHM.0000141129.23219.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190\u20109622(96)90682\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24290"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj.83.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004200"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097\u20100185(199710)249:2<276::AID\u2010AR15>3.0.CO;2\u2010L"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2023.152165"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10520290903048384"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2013.692"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000008586"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181ccdc78"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201093900\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","unstructured":"J.Neubert \u201cTopographical Charakterization of the Upper Facial Musculature Revealed by Means of High\u2010Density Surface Electromyography\u201d(PhD diss. 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