{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:27:19Z","timestamp":1791358039660,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]],"date-time":"2013-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine and compare the effects of four methods of subcutaneous heparin injection on pain and bruising in abdomen and thighs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subcutaneous heparin injection is a common nursing clinical intervention. Nurses frequently inject heparin subcutaneously and this action often results in some complications such as bruising, haematoma, pain and induration in the injection site. There are also some other factors inducing complications associated with heparin injection, including the injection site and the injection duration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A quasi\u2010experimental within\u2010subject design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was conducted on 90 patients with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COPD<\/jats:styled-content>hospitalised in two<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICU<\/jats:styled-content>wards at two teaching hospitals in urban areas of Iran. They were administered heparin subcutaneously, 4000 units every 12\u00a0hours. Each patient received four injections in their abdomen and thighs, using four different methods. The number and size of bruising at the injection site were measured through a flexible millimetre ruler, 48\u00a0hours after each injection. The severity of pain was measured through pain visual analogue scale immediately after each injection. Collected data were analysed by descriptive and analytical statistics using<jats:sc>spss<\/jats:sc>11.5 software.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the method 15 seconds injection duration and waiting for 5\u00a0seconds before withdrawing the needle, the number of bruising was significantly lower and size of bruising was significantly smaller, but no significant difference was found in the severity of pain. However, in other methods, the severity of pain in thighs was significantly higher than in abdomen, but no statistically significant difference was reported between the size and number of bruising in abdomen and thighs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The method 15 seconds injection duration and waiting for 5 seconds before withdrawing the needle is recommended to be used for subcutaneous heparin injection by clinical nurses. As to the results, the severity of pain in abdomen was lower than in thighs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Relevance to clinical practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study proposed a suitable method for subcutaneous heparin injection in order to reduce pain and bruising.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]],"date-time":"2013-07-12T06:53:10Z","timestamp":1373611990000},"page":"1105-1113","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The effect of injection duration and injection site on pain and bruising of subcutaneous injection of heparin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tayebe","family":"Pourghaznein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical\u2010Surgical School of Nursing and Midwifery Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Vahedian","family":"Azimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Asghari","family":"Jafarabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center Department of Statistics and Epidemiology Faculty of Health Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6787.2005.00030.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Effect of injection duration on bruising associated with subcutaneous heparin","volume":"10","author":"Babaee asl F","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Effects of injection duration on site \u2013 pain intensity associated with subcutaneous heparin","volume":"12","author":"Babaee asl F","year":"2009","journal-title":"Feyz Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2007.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/js970315l"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2001.01925.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"ChenicekTE(2004)Effects of Injection Duration on Site Pain Intensity and Bruising Associated With Subcutaneous Administration of Lovenox (Enoxaparin Sodium). 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