{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T18:25:07Z","timestamp":1776450307312,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17-18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,11]],"date-time":"2013-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Deputy of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","award":["H89-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H89-26"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>(1) To evaluate the influence of local cold on severity of labour pain and (2) to identify the effect of local cold on maternal and neonatal outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fear of labour pain results in an increase in pain and duration of labour, maternal discontent and demand for caesarean section. Regarding maternal and foetal complications of analgesic medications, the attention to application of nonpharmacological methods including cold therapy is increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomised controlled trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty\u2010four pregnant women, at initiation of active phase of labour, were allocated randomly to cold therapy and control groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a064). Null parity, term pregnancy, presence of single foetus, cephalic presentation and completing informed consent were considered as inclusion criteria. Administration of analgesic and anaesthesia, foetal distress, skin lesions in regions of cold therapy and high\u2010risk pregnancy provided exclusion criteria. Cold pack was applied over abdomen and back, for 10\u00a0minutes every 30\u00a0minutes during first phase of labour. Additionally, cold pack was placed over perineum, for 5\u00a0minutes every 15\u00a0minutes during second phase. Pain severity was assessed based on the visual analogue scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The two groups were not significantly different considering demographic data, gestational age, foetal weight, rupture of membranes and primary severity of pain. Degree of pain was lower in cold therapy group during all parts of active phase and second stage. Duration of all phases was shorter in cold therapy group in all phases. Foetal heart rate, perineal laceration, type of birth, application of oxytocin and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APGAR<\/jats:styled-content> score were not significantly different between two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Labour pain is probably reduced based on gate theory using cold. Pain control by cold maybe improves labour progression without affecting mother and foetus adversely.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Relevance to clinical practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>Local cold therapy could be included in labour pain management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,11]],"date-time":"2013-11-11T08:16:52Z","timestamp":1384157812000},"page":"2473-2480","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The influence of cold pack on labour pain relief and birth outcomes: a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Marjan Ahmad","family":"Shirvani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari School of Nursing &amp; Midwifery Amir Mazandarani Boulevard  Vesal St. Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jila","family":"Ganji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-172X.2005.00496.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080004315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200112000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"92","volume-title":"The midwife\u2010mother relationship","author":"Anderson T","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1624\/105812401X88273"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(95)02058-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Williams Obstetrics","author":"Cunningham FG","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"The influence of heat and cold on the pain threshold in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"52","author":"Curkovic B","year":"1993","journal-title":"Zeitschriftf\u00fcr Rheumatologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EastCE BeggL HenshallNE MarchantP&WallaceK(2012)Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (review). 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