{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:24:44Z","timestamp":1764174284431},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000860","name":"European Society Of Cardiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000860","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maintaining adequate ratios of sodium\u2010to\u2010potassium requires heart failure patients to be adherent to recommended dietary guidelines. A potential deterrent to adherence is poor cognitive functioning. The aims of this study were to (1) estimate dietary sodium and potassium intake and sodium\u2010to\u2010potassium ratios and (2) examine the associations between cognitive functioning and sodium\u2010to\u2010potassium ratios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive impairment may impact levels of adherence and subsequently sodium\u2010to\u2010potassium ratios; however, little is known about the relationship of cognitive functioning, adherence to dietary restrictions and sodium\u2010to\u2010potassium ratios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used a descriptive correlational design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Face\u2010to\u2010face interviews were conducted with heart failure patients with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Standard cognitive measures were used and included neuropsychological tests of global cognition, immediate and delayed recall, and executive function. Further, patients were instructed to complete a three\u2010day food diary as an indirect measure of sodium\u2010to\u2010potassium intake.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety\u2010one Korean patients with heart failure participated in this study (age 57\u00a0years, women 33%, education 10\u00a0years). A major underlying cause for heart failure was dilated cardiomyopathy (40%), followed by ischaemic cause (24%); the mean heart failure duration was 37\u00a0months. Average sodium intake was 3982\u00a0mg\/day, with men consuming a significantly higher amount than women (4207 vs. 3523\u00a0mg). Potassium intake was 2583\u00a0mg\/day, with both men and women consuming similarly insufficient amounts. Sodium\u2010to\u2010potassium ratio was 1\u00b760, with men having a significantly elevated ratio compared with women (1\u00b768 vs. 1\u00b744). Cognitive function by sodium\u2010to\u2010potassium quartile groups showed nonlinear associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants in the study consumed excessive sodium and insufficient potassium; correspondingly, elevated sodium\u2010to\u2010potassium ratios showed significant associations with cognitive function (memory).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Relevance to clinical practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dietary guidelines tailored to levels of cognitive function as well as Korean dining culture may be important in ensuring sodium\u2010to\u2010potassium balance in these heart failure patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T15:56:21Z","timestamp":1462290981000},"page":"1766-1776","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["An examination of the association of cognitive functioning, adherence to 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