{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T21:19:22Z","timestamp":1785273562635,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]],"date-time":"2017-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral Programme of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe preterm infants\u2019 mothers\u2019 expressing practices and exclusive use of mother's breast milk in neonatal intensive care settings, as well as to explore whether mothers\u2019 and infants\u2019 characteristics are predictors of the mother's inadequate expressing practices and nonexclusive use of mothers\u2019 breast milk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Use of their own mother's milk decreases preterm infants\u2019 mortality and morbidity, but expression is exhausting for the mothers. Mothers\u2019 and infants\u2019 characteristics are associated with milk output and exclusive breastfeeding at discharge, as well as later in infancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data were collected through questionnaires in two neonatal units. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine whether mothers\u2019 and infants\u2019 characteristics are predictors of late expression initiation (&gt;6\u00a0hr from birth), inadequate expression frequency (\u22646 times per a day) and nonexclusive use of own mother's milk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample consisted of 129 mothers. One\u2010third of the mothers had adequate expression practices. Half of the infants exclusively received their mother's own breast milk. Previous neonatal intensive care unit experience, poor psychological well\u2010being, an infant's male gender, caesarean section and high gestational birth age were significant predictors of late expression initiation. None of the studied variables were significant predictors of inadequate expression frequency. Furthermore, lack of previous expression experience, financial woes and high gestational age were predictors of nonexclusive use of own mother's milk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Expression practices, as well as use of own mother's milk, were suboptimal. High gestational age was associated with both late expression initiation and nonexclusive breast milk use. The mothers maintained expression regardless of their well\u2010being.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Relevance to clinical practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>Counselling and support are needed to avoid suboptimal expression practices. Special attention should be paid to mothers with moderately preterm infants, caesarean delivery, poor psychological well\u2010being and financial woes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T15:37:02Z","timestamp":1506613022000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Preterm infants\u2019 mothers\u2019 initiation and frequency of breast milk expression and exclusive use of mother's breast milk in neonatal intensive care units"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1526-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riikka","family":"Ikonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tampere Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eija","family":"Paavilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tampere Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Etel\u00e4\u2010Pohjanmaa Hospital District Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Helminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tampere Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Science Center Pirkanmaa Hospital District Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja","family":"Kaunonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tampere Tampere Finland"},{"name":"General Administration Pirkanmaa Hospital District Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3552"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-S1-S2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.179564"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"Edmond K. &Bahl R.(2006).Optimal feeding of low\u2010birth\u2010weight infants: Technical review. 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