{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:27:10Z","timestamp":1778858830360,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"23-24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Canada, nurse practitioners (NP) were legally authorised to prescribe controlled drugs and substances (CDS) in 2012. The objective of this study was to understand current NP\u2010CDS prescribing in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada. This study is a component of a larger three\u2010phase survey of NP practice patterns in these same provinces.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nurse practitioners are nurses with a graduate degree who have the legal authority to perform expanded functions in health systems, including prescribing CDS. Given the novelty of CDS prescribing for NPs in Canada, little is known about this component of their role.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A secondary analysis of survey data collected between March 2016 and May 2017 was used to examine NP\u2010CDS\u2010prescribing patterns\u00a0and identify potential associated factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nurse practitioners in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan were\u00a0invited to complete a professional practice pattern survey. The survey was administered through a secure electronic data collection software application (<jats:sc>redcap<\/jats:sc>). In the practice pattern survey, 42 variables from 15 distinct conceptual questions were analysed in this study as potential predictors of NP\u2010CDS prescribing within a purposeful selection ordinal logistic regression model. This scientific submission has been assessed for accuracy and completeness using the Equator STROBE guideline criteria (see Appendix S1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results\/Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five variables were found to be associated with an increased odds of more frequent NP\u2010CDS prescribing in addition to three confounders\/clinically relevant variables. Factors commonly associated with an increased frequency of NP\u2010CDS prescribing relate to location of practice, area of practice, previous nursing experience, team environments and common diagnoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about NP\u2010CDS prescribing. Understanding this important component of the NPs emerging legal scope of professional practice can contribute to the continued refinement of this role as well as support ongoing enquiry into the causes of, and potential interventions to prevent, the present opioid overdose deaths occurring while under an active prescription.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Relevance to clinical practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding factors that influence NP\u2010CDS prescribing has relevance to the current drug\u2010related prescription fatalities crisis in all countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T16:54:45Z","timestamp":1563468885000},"page":"4342-4356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A survey of nurse practitioner controlled drugs and substances prescribing in three Canadian provinces"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8383-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tammy","family":"O\u2019Rourke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsie","family":"Duff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saskatchewan Polytech Regina SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Golonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2012.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"344","article-title":"Healthcare providers\u2019 attitudes and perceptions in infection diagnosis and antibiotic prescribing in public health institutions in Lesotho: A cross sectional survey","volume":"13","author":"Adorka M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","volume-title":"Scope of practice for NPs","author":"Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","volume-title":"Standards for nurse practitioner practice in Newfoundland & Labrador","author":"Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","volume-title":"Nurse practitioner authority to prescribe controlled drugs and substances: Educational requirements","author":"Association of Registered Nurses of Prince Edward Island","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0473-3-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","volume-title":"Position statement: The nurse practitioner","author":"Canadian Nurses Association","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","unstructured":"Canadian Institute of Health Information(2018).Amount of opioids prescribed dropping in Canada; prescriptions on the rise. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/en\/amount-ofopioids-prescribed-dropping-in-canada-prescriptions-on-the-rise"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","volume-title":"Prescribing CDS requirements","author":"College & Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","volume-title":"Prescribing standards for Nurse Practitioners (NPs)","author":"College & Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","volume-title":"Nurse Practitioner","author":"College of Nurses of Ontario","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","volume-title":"Q&As: Regulations and by\u2010law changes","author":"College of Nurses of Ontario","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","volume-title":"Scope of practice for nurse practitioners","author":"College of Registered Nurses of British Columbia","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","volume-title":"NP controlled drugs and substances course (R\u201025)","author":"College of Registered Nurses of Manitoba","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","volume-title":"Questions & answers: Nurse practitioner prescribing controlled drugs and substances","author":"College of Registered Nurses of Nova Scotia","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12191"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","volume-title":"NP practice patterns in Manitoba, Canada","author":"Duff E.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-7-60"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/J058v16n04_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3207"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2007.00216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2007.00226.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","volume-title":"New classes of Practitioners regulations","author":"Government of Canada","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","volume-title":"Nurse Practitioner Outcomes in New Brunswick: 15 Years In Nurse Practitioner and Patient Perspective\u20102017","author":"Hamilton S.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","volume-title":"Nursing issues: Primary health care Nurse Practitioners","author":"Health Canada","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","volume-title":"Controlled substances and precursor chemicals","author":"Health Canada","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","volume-title":"Scope of practice for Registered Nurses in the extended class (Nurse Practitioners): A jurisdictional review","author":"Health Professions Regulatory Advisory Council","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2005.tb00107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-405X(76)90026-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/688093"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.62.10.1346"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2013.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.0072"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","first-page":"553","article-title":"Pharmaceutical company influences on medication prescribing and their potential impact on quality use of medications","volume":"33","author":"Kyle G.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2005.00072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw098"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmw085"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","volume-title":"A survey of the practice patterns of nurse practitioners in primary health care in Nova Scotia","author":"Misener R. M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12927\/cjnl.2016.24896"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18549\/PharmPract.2017.02.990"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","volume-title":"First do no harm: Responding to Canada\u2019s prescription drug crisis","author":"National Advisory Committee on Prescription Drug Misuse","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13249"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","volume-title":"Standards for the practice of primary health care nurse practitioners","author":"Nurses Association of New Brunswick","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2007.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","volume-title":"Droit de prescrire des substances contr\u00f4l\u00e9es","author":"Ordre des infirmi\u00e8res et infirmiers du Qu\u00e9bec","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7287.2009.00162.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/npre.2010.8.1.46020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809002400514"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2013.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","volume-title":"Pharmacy & formulary updated: Nurse practitioner (NP) prescriptive authority","author":"Registered Nurses Association of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","volume-title":"Practice and prescriptive guidelines for nurse practitioners","author":"Registered Nurses Association of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2012.05960.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2006.00120.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","volume-title":"A survey of nurse practitioner practice patterns in British Columbia","author":"Sangster\u2010Gormley E.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","volume-title":"Registered Nurse (Nurse Practitioner) Controlled Drugs and Substances Practice Guidelines","author":"Saskatchewan Registered Nurses Association","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","volume-title":"Current scope of practice for Registered Nurse (Nurse Practitioners)","author":"Saskatchewan Registered Nurses Association","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jmm.2008.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2013.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","volume-title":"APRN prescribing law: A state\u2010by\u2010state summary","author":"Stokowski L. A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0965254X.2014.931878"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmons E.(2016).Healthcare license turf wars: The effects of expanded nurse practitioner and physician assistant scope of practice on medicaid patient access. Working Paper. Mercatus Center.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2724032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2016.12.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observations Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guideline for reporting observational studies","volume":"148","author":"Von Elm E.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/xc.2001.24221"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rational decision making models might suggest what people ought to do, they are a poor guide to what people actually do","volume":"1","author":"Xing J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"IJABM"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","volume-title":"Foundations for nurse practitioner practice in the Yukon","author":"Yukon Registered Nurses Association","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjocn.15008","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jocn.15008","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jocn.15008","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jocn.15008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T05:12:53Z","timestamp":1694236373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jocn.15008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23-24","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jocn.15008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.15008","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1067","1365-2702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1067","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-11-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-09-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}