{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:14:10Z","timestamp":1788016450119,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13-14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the incidence of urinary tract infection and analyse its risk factors among hospitalised patients with spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the incidence of urinary tract infection varies widely according to the healthcare setting and patients\u2019 clinical characteristics, formal reports are limited in quantity. There has been no consensus regarding the risk factors for urinary tract infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective descriptive study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electronic medical records of 964 subjects between 2010\u20132017 were reviewed. Urinary tract infection status was examined to identify newly occurred cases. Data included demographic and clinical characteristics, hydration status and length of hospitalisation. The reporting of the study followed the EQUATOR Network's STROBE checklist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the sample, 31.7% had urinary tract infection (95% confidence interval: 1.288 to 1.347, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Sex, completeness of injury, type of bladder emptying, detrusor function and urethral pressure were significant factors affecting urinary tract infection. Patients who were male and those with injury classifications A, B and C had higher risk of urinary tract infection. Patients with urinary or suprapubic indwelling catheters, as well as those with areflexic detrusor combined with normotonic urethral pressure or overactive detrusor combined with normotonic urethral pressure, showed higher risk. Length of hospitalisation in patients with urinary tract infection was greater than that in uninfected patients, which implies the importance of prevention of urinary tract infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nurses should carefully assess risk factors to prevent urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injury in the acute and sub\u2010acute stages of the disease trajectory and provide individualised nursing care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Relevance to clinical practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study contributes evidence for up\u2010to\u2010date clinical nursing practice for the comprehensive management of urinary tract infection. This can lead to improvements in nursing care quality and patient outcomes, including length of hospitalisation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T04:30:14Z","timestamp":1617856214000},"page":"2068-2078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Incidence and risk factors of urinary tract infections in hospitalised patients with spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-7845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yielin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing Severance Hospital Yonsei University Health System Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Graduate School College of Nursing Yonsei University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Hwa","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing Severance Hospital Yonsei University Health System Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungmin","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing Severance Hospital Yonsei University Health System Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Jin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing Severance Hospital Yonsei University Health System Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Ju","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing Severance Hospital Yonsei University Health System Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Kyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing Severance Hospital Yonsei University Health System Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9823-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwang Suk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mo\u2010Im Kim Nursing Research Institute College of Nursing Yonsei University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1369216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"International Standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury","author":"American Spinal Injury Association","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514003213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2012.06100.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijun.12145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2014.19.4.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0286-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.10.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3632"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1802-187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/527509"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/acb.2009.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0337-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Risk factors for urinary tract infection in chronic spinal cord injured patients","volume":"29","author":"Han S. 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