{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T16:06:07Z","timestamp":1786637167342,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the incidence and the factors associated with paternal postpartum depression amongst new fathers in Singapore.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective repeated measures study was conducted from September 2023 to March 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 200 fathers aged 21\u2009years and above who had a neonate born at full term and no serious health events for both mother and neonate were recruited from a local hospital via convenience sampling. Fathers completed questionnaires at the third trimester of pregnancy (baseline) and 1\u2009month postpartum. Multiple regression analyses were used to identify significant factors associated with postpartum depression in fathers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of paternal postpartum depression was 5.26% at 1\u2009month post\u2010childbirth, using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). Using the Gotland Male Depression Scale (GMDS), 7% of the fathers were identified with high risk of depression and 14.3% of the fathers had moderate depressive symptoms. Paternal postpartum depression at 1\u2009month post\u2010childbirth could be predicted by paternal postpartum depression scores at baseline measured by EPDS and GMDS, as well as by baseline perceived social support and parental self\u2010efficacy at 1\u2009month post\u2010childbirth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found that a considerable number of fathers in Singapore are at risk of postpartum depression. There is an urgent need for the development of more comprehensive tools to measure postpartum depression in fathers that are culturally adapted to the local context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early screening during antenatal visits enables timely intervention and access to support, benefiting the entire family. Nurses could help fathers to be more involved by extending patient education and teaching infant care skills to both parents. When counselling patients, the involvement of extended family members and navigating new roles as caregivers of a new baby and breadwinners are important considerations for new parents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first of its kind to measure the incidence of postpartum depression amongst new fathers in an urban multicultural Asian setting, like Singapore. The study found that the incidence of postpartum depression in fathers were 5.26% when measured using EPDS and 14.3% when measured using GMDS at 1\u2009month postpartum. These findings could inform future family\u2010centred and father\u2010specific interventions to improve the mental health outcomes of new parents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Reporting Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No patient or public contribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.17684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T07:52:52Z","timestamp":1739260372000},"page":"2248-2261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Struggles of Fatherhood: A Prospective Study on the Incidence of Paternal Postpartum Depression and Associated Factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Jing Shi","family":"Chua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie Qiao Xin","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia Yin Ing","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine National University Hospital  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy\u2010Lee","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence S. 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