{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:45:28Z","timestamp":1775843128252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify patterns of dyadic engagement in type 2 diabetes care, describe their characteristics, and explore their association with glycated haemoglobin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In chronic conditions, patient self\u2010care and caregiver contribution should be considered a dyadic phenomenon. However, patterns of dyadic engagement in type 2 diabetes care have not yet been identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multicentre observational cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient self\u2010care and caregiver contribution were assessed using the Self\u2010Care of Diabetes Inventory and the Caregiver Contribution to Self\u2010Care of Diabetes Inventory. Patterns of dyadic engagement in type 2 diabetes care were identified by latent class analysis. Associations between patient\u2010caregiver characteristics and class membership were estimated using multinomial regression. The association between classes and glycated haemoglobin levels was assessed using linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>251 dyads of patients with type 2 diabetes and their primary informal caregivers were enrolled. Patients were mostly male (55%, median age 72) and caregivers mostly female (71%, median age 64). Three patterns of dyadic engagement were identified: \u2018equally engaged\u2010low care\u2019 (14%), \u2018mostly patient engaged\u2010middling care\u2019 (25%), and \u2018equally engaged\u2010high care\u2019 (61%). Patient characteristics (sex, education, self\u2010efficacy) and caregiver characteristics (burden, chronic diseases) were associated with pattern membership. Membership in the \u2018mostly patient engaged\u2010middling care\u2019 and \u2018equally engaged\u2010high care\u2019 patterns was associated with decreased glycated haemoglobin compared to \u2018equally engaged\u2010low care\u2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The three identified patterns of dyadic engagement in type 2 diabetes showed differences in patient and caregiver characteristics and were associated with glycated haemoglobin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study identified and described patterns of dyadic engagement in type 2 diabetes care. The three identified patterns showed differences in characteristics and in patient glycemic control. Healthcare professionals should consider these patterns for tailoring interventions focused on both dyad members.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Reporting Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>STROBE checklist was followed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients and their informal caregivers were recruited to participate in the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.70186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T09:21:03Z","timestamp":1766395263000},"page":"2342-2355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dyadic Patterns of Patient and Caregiver Engagement in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Care: A Multicenter Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5152-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diletta","family":"Fabrizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery University of Milano\u2010Bicocca  Monza Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Rebora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bicocca Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioimaging (B4 Centre), School of Medicine and Surgery University of Milano\u2010Bicocca  Monza Italy"},{"name":"Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori  Monza Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Valsecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bicocca Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioimaging (B4 Centre), School of Medicine and Surgery University of Milano\u2010Bicocca  Monza 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