{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T07:08:03Z","timestamp":1783840083583,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3605900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3605900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3605905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3605905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accelerated population aging has driven substantial growth in demand for palliative care services. Such services can effectively enhance the living quality for end\u2010of\u2010life patients through multidimensional interventions. Currently, China lacks a localised experience\u2010oriented quality assessment scale for palliative care, resulting in gaps in service quality supervision. To develop a self\u2010reported measurement for palliative care services, with the foundation in the Senses Framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed a scale by extracting core contributors of palliative care experiences through 14 patients and 16 families' narratives. To refine and improve the scale, a total of 19 experts were invited to participate in a two\u2010round Delphi expert consultation. Additionally, an empirical research was conducted, with 380 valid samples from two independent cohorts collected to complete the full psychometric testing of the scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The final Palliative Care Experience Scale (PCES) comprises two dimensions: sense of security and belonging, and sense of purpose and significance, with a total of 13 items. The total variance includes 79.26% that is explained by these two factors. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a stable factor structure for the PCES. The scale exhibited good reliability, with a total Cronbach'\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      of 0.937, McDonald'\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>\n                      of 0.952, and Spearman\u2010Brown corrected split\u2010half reliability of 0.897. Cronbach's\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      for both dimensions exceeded 0.88. The scale's SEM was 1.50 and MDC95 was 4.16, offering a validated threshold to identify real changes in patients' palliative care experience.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed an assessment scale of palliative care quality based on the Senses Framework, uniquely centred on patient experiences. Validated through robust methodologies, this scale fills a gap in the evaluation of experiential dimensions of palliative care in China, providing a scientific and feasible measurement tool for the continuous improvement of services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study addresses the critical gap of a culturally adapted, patient experience\u2010centred tool for evaluating palliative care service quality in China. Its core finding is the successful development and full psychometric validation of the 13\u2010item Palliative Care Experience Scale (PCES). This research provides a reliable tool for palliative care clinical practice and academic research to capture patients' care experience, offers clinicians and administrators a practical instrument to identify service gaps and guide quality improvement, and delivers foundational reference data for policymakers to advance patient\u2010centred palliative care development in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Reporting Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We adhered to the relevant EQUATOR reporting guidelines. The development and validation process followed the COSMIN framework for patient\u2010reported outcome measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients receiving palliative care and familes played an integral role in designing and conducting this study. In Phase I, qualitative data from semi\u2010structured interviews with 14 patients and 16 families helped define core thematic constructs and develop the initial item pool, which ensured the scale's content validity were based on their real\u2010life experiences. In Phase III, we recruited a new, independent cohort of participants to complete the psychometric testing of the scale, providing key data for its validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.70332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T04:31:58Z","timestamp":1776659518000},"page":"3390-3403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Psychometric Validation of the Palliative Care Experience Scale (\n                    <scp>PCES<\/scp>\n                    ): An Experience\u2010Oriented Assessment Instrument"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4534-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yisui","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3817-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7578-3060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meiliyang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7337-5503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangyang Central Hospital, Hubei University of Arts and Science  Xiangyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7212-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenxi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7685-2811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haifeng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou City Zhejiang Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3446-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University  Xiamen City Fujian Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0327-9129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5369-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tieying","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064508"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.42.5967"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"213","volume-title":"The Psychology of the Chinese People","author":"Bond M. H.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2021.0224"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951525000136"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-012-9416-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2022.0052"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2021.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11060797"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12872"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","first-page":"1018","article-title":"The Cultural Psychological Characteristics of the Golden Mean and Its Theoretical Path of Practice","volume":"44","author":"Gao Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opn.12269"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"Hair J. F.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.8.4.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7275\/pdz9\u2010th90"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2009.00842"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415600891"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951524001470"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2020.1731912"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2023.0357"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-198611000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","first-page":"4583","article-title":"A Review of Zhongyong Research From the Perspective of Psychology","volume":"13","author":"Ma S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v11.i4.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics.2021.\u201cCommuniqu\u00e9 of the Seventh National Population Census.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.gov.cn\/guoqing\/2021\u201005\/13\/content_5606149.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","volume-title":"The Senses Framework: Improving Care for Older People Through Relationship\u2010Centred Approach","author":"Nolan M.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2004.00926.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.profnurs.2004.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.)","volume":"19","author":"Nunnally J. C.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics.2016.\u201cNational Survey of Bereaved People (VOICES): England 2015.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/healthcaresystem\/bulletins\/nationalsurveyofbereavedpeoplevoices\/england2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12677\/AR.2023.104221"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/230134"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20199"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2025. \u201cR: The R Project for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.r\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Good Life and Good Death:Palliative Pursuit of Chinese Life Culture","volume":"15","author":"Renfu H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-016-0152-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2010.0238"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/152599521X16192004803683"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","volume-title":"Using Multivariate Statistics","author":"Tabachnick B. G.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39905"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnt082"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12872"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1656772"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301216682880"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","unstructured":"Watson J. E.2015.\u201cCaring With Integrity: Developing the Conceptual Underpinning of Relationship\u2010Centred Palliative Dementia Care in Care Homes.\u201dPh.D. The University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2020.\u201cPalliative Care.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/palliative\u2010care."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","first-page":"694","article-title":"Analysis of the Quality and Influencing Factors of Palliative Care for Terminal Cancer Patients in Shanghai","volume":"24","author":"Yan M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Administration"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022116658260"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-018-0296-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","first-page":"1496","article-title":"Translation and Reliability and Validity Testing of the Simplified Version of the Patient Perceived Quality of Palliative Care Scale","volume":"21","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese Nursing Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Palliative Care Quality Scale","volume":"38","author":"Zheng X.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing of the Chinese People's Liberation Army"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jocn.70332","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jocn.70332","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jocn.70332","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T06:39:02Z","timestamp":1783838342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jocn.70332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jocn.70332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.70332","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1067","1365-2702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1067","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}