{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:45:39Z","timestamp":1790653539860,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Procedural pain and distress in children can result in severe short\u2010 and long\u2010term consequences, including post\u2010traumatic stress syndrome and needle phobia. While distraction techniques (e.g., toys, music) have been widely used, virtual reality (VR) offers a novel, immersive form of distraction. Despite the rapid development of VR technologies, there is a lack of comprehensive evidence regarding which paediatric patients and procedures benefit most from VR interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a scoping review following the PRISMA\u2010ScR guidelines. A systematic search across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed) identified studies from January 1, 2000 to November 15, 2025. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi\u2010experimental designs assessing VR for pain\/anxiety management during medical procedures in paediatric patients, with outcomes including pain intensity, distress, feasibility, satisfaction or safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 5458 original database citations, 201 were eligible for full\u2010text evaluation. Of these articles, a total of 22 were included in the scoping review. RCTs comprised 81.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918). The majority (86.4%) employed immersive VR and 27.3% utilized cost\u2010effective smartphone\u2010based systems. Procedures targeted included venipuncture, needle\u2010related interventions, intravenous access, surgery and burn wound care. Approximately 86.4% of studies reported VR's superiority over standard care in reducing procedural pain and distress.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VR is an effective, non\u2010pharmacological tool for managing procedural pain and distress in paediatric clinical settings, showing promise for integration into routine care. However, existing studies exhibit methodological heterogeneity and focus primarily on short\u2010term outcomes. Future research should prioritize large\u2010scale, rigorously designed RCTs with long\u2010term follow\u2010up, and focus on developing standardized, evidence\u2010based VR protocols for diverse paediatric populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No patient or public contribution was required for this scoping review, as it only synthesized existing published literature without primary data collection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.70335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T01:32:44Z","timestamp":1776648764000},"page":"3316-3334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Virtual Reality for Managing Procedural Pain and Distress in Paediatrics: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4296-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9639-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuling","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276814"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-022-01150-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2024.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001029"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","article-title":"Psychological Interventions for Needle\u2010Related Procedural Pain and Distress in Children and Adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Birnie K. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsu029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05070-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Innovations for 2019 and Beyond","volume":"27","author":"Children's Hospital Association","year":"2019","journal-title":"Children's Hospitals Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2018.0111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10902"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2021.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2023.101268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2025.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.22569"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16991"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"856","article-title":"An Epidemic of the Use, Misuse and Overdose of Opioids and Deaths due to Overdose, in the United States and Canada: Is Europe Next?","volume":"99","author":"Helmerhorst G. T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone & Joint Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/30260"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S532778"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.1.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jspn.12419"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmxr.2024.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mti9120115"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1055e"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","article-title":"Virtual Reality Distraction for Acute Pain in Children","volume":"10","author":"Lambert V.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2020.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.4426"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2024.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2025.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2018.027573"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.849541"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06262-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/nuf\/8164180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2023.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05116-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.12082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26900\/hsq.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1378459"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jocn.70335","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jocn.70335","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jocn.70335","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T06:39:15Z","timestamp":1783838355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jocn.70335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jocn.70335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.70335","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1067","1365-2702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1067","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}