{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:36:09Z","timestamp":1785332169171,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Obstet and Gynaecol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prior research has primarily focused on static pain assessment, largely ignoring the dynamic nature of pain over time. We used a novel assessment tool for characterizing pain duration, frequency, and amplitude in women with dysmenorrhea and evaluated how these metrics were affected by naproxen treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dysmenorrheic women (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u200925) rated their menstrual pain by squeezing a pressure bulb proportional to the magnitude of their pain. To evaluate whether bulb squeezing was affected by naproxen, we compared parameters before and after naproxen. We also analyzed the correlation between pain relief on a numerical rating scale to changes in bulb squeezing parameters. Random bulb\u2010squeezing activity in pain\u2010free participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u200914) was used as a control for nonspecific effects or bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In dysmenorrheic women, naproxen reduced the duration of the squeezing during a painful bout, the number of painful bouts and bout intensity. Before naproxen, the correlation between these bulb squeeze parameters and self\u2010reported pain on numeric rating scale was not significant (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u20090.12<jats:italic>, p<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.304); however, there was a significant correlation between changes in bulb squeeze activity and self\u2010reported pain relief after naproxen (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic> 0.55<jats:italic>, p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study demonstrates a convenient technique for continuous pain assessment, capturing three different dimensions: duration, frequency, and magnitude. Naproxen may act by reducing the duration and frequency of episodic pain in addition to reducing the severity. After further validation, these methods could be used for other pain conditions for deeper phenotyping and assessing novel treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T08:08:18Z","timestamp":1613549298000},"page":"1472-1480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development and validation of a real\u2010time method characterizing spontaneous pain in women with dysmenorrhea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Kantarovich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katlyn E.","family":"Dillane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology NorthShore University HealthSystem  Evanston Illinois 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