{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:18:59Z","timestamp":1791915539610,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAKENHI JP 21K19551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKENHI JP 21K19551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAKENHI JP 22H03220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKENHI JP 22H03220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Obstet and Gynaecol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hydatidiform moles are classified into complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs), which are androgenetic and diploid, and partial hydatidiform moles (PHM), which are triploid with two paternal chromosomes and one maternal chromosome. The incidence of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia differs substantially between CHM and PHM. However, they are occasionally difficult to diagnose. In this review, auxiliary and experimental methods based on cytogenetic features and advanced molecular detection techniques applied to the diagnosis and analysis of hydatidiform moles are summarized, including basic principles, characteristics, and clinical implications. Short tandem repeat polymorphism analysis is considered the gold standard for the genetic diagnosis of hydatidiform moles. In clinical settings, immunohistochemical analyses of p57<jats:sup>KIP2<\/jats:sup>, an imprinted gene product, are widely used to differentiate CHMs from other conceptuses, including PHMs. Recently, new molecular genetic techniques, such as single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, have been applied to research on hydatidiform moles. In addition to insights from classical methods, such as chromosome analysis, recently developed approaches have yielded novel findings related to the mechanism underlying the development of androgenetic CHMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T10:56:41Z","timestamp":1663066601000},"page":"3077-3086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Auxiliary and experimental diagnostic techniques for hydatidiform moles"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4331-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Usui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0900696"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60280-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100237"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"319","volume-title":"World Health Organization classification of tumours, Female genital Tumours","author":"Buza N","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"317","volume-title":"World Health Organization classification of tumours, Female genital Tumours","author":"Buza N","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0000000000001374"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003566"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2010.01602.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000210635.24543.3b"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142545"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Comparison between pathological diagnosis and cytogenetic diagnosis by short tandem repeat polymorphism analysis of suspected molar pregnancies","volume":"61","author":"Usui H","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200110000-00001"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"Genetic origin and imprinting in hydatidiform moles. Comparison between DNA polymorphism analysis and immunoreactivity of p57KIP2","volume":"50","author":"Kihara M","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2004.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1433-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000161312.30054.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2011.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318191f309"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)92741-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"A triploid human abortus due to dispermy","volume":"24","author":"Niikawa N","year":"1974","journal-title":"Humangenetik"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000130756"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Malignant potential of homozygous and heterozygous complete moles","volume":"44","author":"Wake N","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/268633a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.63.3.699"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00287169"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1970.tb00216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197501092920202"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"2806","article-title":"Cytology automation by flow cytometry","volume":"37","author":"Melamed MR","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/89.5.596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199203000-00016"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","first-page":"353","article-title":"Application of flow cytometry in diagnosis of hydatidiform moles","volume":"6","author":"Fukunaga M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.1996.247295.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-012-1350-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(03)00130-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000162757.91649.a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2017.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00313029600169254"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/7XRL378C22W7APBT"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of imprinted gene expression (p57(KIP2)) and molecular cytogenetics (FICTION) in the evaluation of molar pregnancies","volume":"55","author":"Hoffner L","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPV7BRDUCX0WAQ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2011.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31822d5cff"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2016.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12926"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1988.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4004(89)90021-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90309-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90494-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1993.1046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020319629999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70055-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00046.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-00691-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-019-0432-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49047-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74375-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2005756"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02265289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.9.2459"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000215295.45738.ed"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e3182630d8c"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e3182a1028b"}],"container-title":["Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jog.15422","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jog.15422","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jog.15422","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T06:06:35Z","timestamp":1705903595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jog.15422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jog.15422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jog.15422","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1341-8076","1447-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1341-8076","type":"print"},{"value":"1447-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}