{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T16:24:24Z","timestamp":1767025464531,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Obstet and Gynaecol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the short\u2010term impacts of Japan's newly implemented physician working\u2010hour limits (April 2024) on working conditions, self\u2010directed professional development (SDPD), defined as activities undertaken outside working hours to enhance one's professional skills, and work\u2010related happiness among obstetrician\u2010gynecologists (OB\u2010GYNs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An online survey was conducted between July 8 and July 31, 2024, targeting 867 Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology members. Five hundred and fourteen full\u2010time practitioners who had not changed workplaces around April 2024 and had no missing data were analyzed. Participants were stratified by regulation levels (A, B, C, discretionary labor system, those who don't know their own level), and their working hours, anticipated income, SDPD satisfaction, and happiness (0\u201310 scale) were assessed. We used multivariate linear regression to evaluate the influence of labor condition changes on happiness and explored interactions involving unpaid overtime, income changes, and SDPD satisfaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with level A (up to 960\u2009h of overtime per year), participants at levels B and C (up to 1860\u2009h of overtime per year) reported significantly lower happiness (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Most respondents observed no major shifts in working conditions since March 2024, yet about 40% did not record SDPD hours that meet the working hour requirement as official work time. Adjusted analyses revealed that decreased income and unsatisfactory SDPD significantly lowered happiness, whereas higher SDPD satisfaction increased it (\u03b2: \u22120.64 [\u22121.07, \u22120.21], \u22120.98 [\u22121.46, \u22120.50], and 0.90 [0.44, 1.35], respectively). Subgroup analysis indicated that rising unpaid overtime further reduced happiness among those dissatisfied with SDPD (\u22121.43 [\u22122.41, \u22120.45]).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The new working\u2010hour limits had minimal impact on labor conditions in the short run. However, satisfaction with SDPD was positively associated with happiness, whereas anticipated decreases in income were correlated with lower happiness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.70112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:34:44Z","timestamp":1764117284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Short\u2010Term Impacts of Japan's 2024 Physician Working\u2010Hour Limits on Labor Conditions, Self\u2010Directed Professional Development, and Happiness Among Obstetrician\u2010Gynecologists"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Yuto","family":"Maeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Institute of Science Tokyo  Tokyo 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