{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:57:41Z","timestamp":1790575061391,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Obstet and Gynaecol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obstetricians and gynecologists (OBGYNs) are high\u2010risk, surgically intensive, and emergency\u2010driven specialists. Women are the majority of OBGYNs, but their representation in decision\u2010making roles remains disproportionately low. This narrative review explores the empirical evidence and aims to narrow gender gaps among OBGYNs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 154 publications from 2000 to 2025 on gender inequity, career progression, women physicians, OBGYNs, academic promotion, leadership, workforce, and regional variation from Asia, Europe, North America, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. Eligible studies either (1) focused on OBGYNs or female surgeons, (2) reported gender disparities in academic, administrative, or service domains, or (3) provided regional data. Qualitative and quantitative studies, policy reports, and professional society publications were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were insufficient data from South America and the Caribbean. For the other regions, we identified cultures, societal norms, and the structures of health systems as contributors to gender barriers in OBGYNs. These barriers are not at the entry levels, but rather in career ascension. In high\u2010income countries, implicit biases persist despite established work\u2010life policies and legislative protections. In low and middle\u2010income countries, disparities are shaped by sociocultural expectations, fewer institutional supports, and rigid hierarchical structures. Men also face distinct barriers, such as limited patient acceptance and unequal distribution of out\u2010of\u2010hours duties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is an urgent need to acquire high\u2010quality data on stereotypic biases, structural, and cultural barriers to gender inequities among OBGYNs. Without timely intervention, gender gaps within the OBGYN workforce will likely be widened over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.70514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:49:11Z","timestamp":1790574551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender Inequities in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Workforce: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7172-053X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuangsit","family":"Wataganara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0517-5091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eiko","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9888-2264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somsook","family":"Santibenchakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ninlapa","family":"Pruksanusak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Prince of Songkla University  Songkla Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0640-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitti","family":"Hanprasertpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Medical Innovation, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital Navamindradhiraj University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suthee","family":"Panichkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phramongkutklao Medical Center  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supitchaya","family":"Surasereewong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002265","article-title":"Geographic Comparison of Women in Academic Obstetrics and Gynecology Department\u2010Based Leadership Roles","volume":"130","author":"Ricciotti H. 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