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Regulatory T<\/jats:styled-content> cells (T<\/jats:styled-content>regs) and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 exert significant anti\u2010atherogenic effects in experimental models of atherosclerosis by modulating vascular inflammation. We have previously shown that M<\/jats:styled-content>ycobacterium bovis <\/jats:italic>BCG<\/jats:styled-content> killed by extended freeze\u2010drying (EFD BCG<\/jats:styled-content>) decreases lung and colon inflammation by recruiting IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010\u2010producing T<\/jats:styled-content>regs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EFD BCG<\/jats:styled-content> on the development of atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design<\/jats:title>We used two strains of atherosclerosis\u2010prone mice: L<\/jats:styled-content>dlr<\/jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> (four or six EFD BCG<\/jats:styled-content> injections) and A<\/jats:styled-content>poe<\/jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> (six injections).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>In both models, EFD BCG<\/jats:styled-content> significantly reduced the size of atherosclerotic lesions, increased IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 production and reduced the serum levels of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201013, KC<\/jats:styled-content> and tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1). Shortly after treatment with EFD BCG<\/jats:styled-content>, the number of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC<\/jats:styled-content>s) and F<\/jats:styled-content>oxp3+<\/jats:sup> Tregs in the draining lymph nodes increased. EFD BCG<\/jats:styled-content> also led to accumulation of T<\/jats:styled-content>regs, but not of pDC<\/jats:styled-content>s in the spleen, and reduced activity of NF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03baB and increased activity of PPAR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 in both the spleen and vascular tissue of treated mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>EFD BCG<\/jats:styled-content> has atheroprotective effects through IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 production and Treg expansion. These findings support a novel approach to the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]],"date-time":"2013-08-21T03:38:15Z","timestamp":1377056295000},"page":"49-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Mycobacterium bovis <\/i>BCG<\/scp> killed by extended freeze\u2010drying induces an immunoregulatory profile and protects against atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"275","author":[{"given":"O. A.","family":"Ovchinnikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre St. Petersburg Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Berge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang, H\u00f4pital Lariboisi\u00e8re Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Imagerie Interventionnelle Centre de Recherche INRA Jouy\u2010en\u2010Josas France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Urien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virologie et Immunologie Mol\u00e9culaires UR 892 INRA Jouy\u2010en\u2010Josas France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. F. J.","family":"Ketelhuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Pottier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virologie et Immunologie Mol\u00e9culaires UR 892 INRA Jouy\u2010en\u2010Josas France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Drouet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Imagerie Interventionnelle Centre de Recherche INRA Jouy\u2010en\u2010Josas France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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