{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:32:13Z","timestamp":1791304333602,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]],"date-time":"2014-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006310","name":"Swedish Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006310","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003748","name":"Swedish Society for Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the prevalence of myasthenia gravis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content>) and the rate of concurrent autoimmune diseases in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the Swedish health and population registers, during the period 2005\u20132010, we conducted a nested case\u2013control study of patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>2045) with five age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched population\u2010based controls per case. Register\u2010based <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosis was validated against the Stockholm <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content> Cohort. Similar nested case\u2013control studies were conducted in patients with multiple sclerosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>), as a neuroinflammatory disease control, and siblings of patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Odds ratios (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>s) and their 95% confidence intervals (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>s) were calculated as a measure of the association between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content> and other autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content> was 24.8\/100\u00a0000, and patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content> had an increased risk of another autoimmune disease compared to controls (22.0% vs. 8.9%; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 2.82, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 2.49\u20133.20); this risk was stronger amongst younger persons and women. Polymyositis\/dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Addison's disease, three conditions regulated by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010B8\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DR<\/jats:styled-content>3 haplotype, were most strongly associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content>, especially early\u2010onset disease. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content> typing in the Stockholm <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content> Cohort showed that early\u2010onset <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content> was indeed dominated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010B8\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DR<\/jats:styled-content>3. The risk of another autoimmune disease was increased in both patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> and siblings of patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content>, compared to their respective controls, but to a lesser extent than in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MG<\/jats:styled-content> shares risk factors with other autoimmune diseases, to a greater degree than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>, with a particular role of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010B8\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DR<\/jats:styled-content>3 haplotype, especially amongst younger and female patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]],"date-time":"2014-09-22T16:34:42Z","timestamp":1411403682000},"page":"594-604","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["The autoimmune spectrum of myasthenia gravis: a Swedish population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Sveinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Thormar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Granqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Askling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. 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