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The increased risks of heavy drinking, defined as three or more standard\u2010sized drinks per day, are both cardiovascular (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CV<\/jats:styled-content>) and non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CV<\/jats:styled-content>. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CV<\/jats:styled-content> risks include the following: (i) alcoholic cardiomyopathy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACM<\/jats:styled-content>), (ii) systemic hypertension, (iii) atrial arrhythmias, (iv) haemorrhagic stroke and, probably, ischaemic stroke. By contrast, modern epidemiological studies have shown lower morbidity and mortality amongst light\u2013moderate drinkers, due mostly to a reduced risk of coronary artery disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAD<\/jats:styled-content>), with contributions from ischaemic stroke and heart failure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>). A low level of alcohol drinking has no clear relation to increased risk of any <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CV<\/jats:styled-content> condition, except for haemorrhagic stroke. There is good evidence that supports the existence of mechanisms by which alcohol might protect against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAD<\/jats:styled-content>, but the mechanisms for other alcohol\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CV<\/jats:styled-content> associations remain unclear. Interrelationships amongst the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CV<\/jats:styled-content> conditions affect the individual alcohol\u2013disease relationships; for example, lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAD<\/jats:styled-content> risk in light\u2013moderate drinkers is to a large extent responsible for the reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content> risk. International comparison data plus the presence of proposed beneficial nonalcohol components in wine (particularly in red wine) suggest that this beverage type might afford extra <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAD<\/jats:styled-content> protection. However, the effect of beverage choice is confounded by a healthier drinking pattern and more favourable risk traits in wine drinkers. Debate persists about methodological and public health issues related to the epidemiology of alcohol\u2010related <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CV<\/jats:styled-content> disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]],"date-time":"2015-07-08T09:17:41Z","timestamp":1436347061000},"page":"238-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Alcohol and cardiovascular diseases: where do we stand today?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"278","author":[{"given":"A. 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