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Desaturated blood is drained from the patient, oxygenated and pumped back to a major vein or artery. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECMO<\/jats:styled-content> supports heart and lung function and may be used in severe heart and\/or lung failure when conventional intensive care fails. The Stockholm programme started in 1987 with treatment of neonates. In 1995, the first adult patient was accepted onto the programme. Interhospital transportation during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECMO<\/jats:styled-content> was started in 1996, which enabled retrieval of extremely unstable patients during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECMO<\/jats:styled-content>. Today, the programme has an annual volume of about 80 patients. It has been characterized by, amongst other things, minimal patient sedation. By 31 December 2014, over 900 patients had been treated, the vast majority for respiratory failure, and over 650 patients had been transported during ECMO. The median ECMO duration was 5.3, 5.7 and 7.1\u00a0days for neonatal, paediatric and adult patients, respectively. The survival to hospital discharge rate for respiratory ECMO was 81%, 70% and 63% in the different age groups, respectively, which is significantly higher than the overall international experience as reported to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELSO<\/jats:styled-content>) Registry (74%, 57% and 57%, respectively). The survival rate was significantly higher in the Stockholm programme compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELSO<\/jats:styled-content> for meconium aspiration syndrome, congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates and pneumocystis pneumonia in paediatric patients<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]],"date-time":"2015-12-22T05:49:06Z","timestamp":1450763346000},"page":"586-598","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a breakthrough for respiratory failure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"278","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Frenckner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ECMO Center Karolinska and the Department of Pediatric Surgery Karolinska University Hospital Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1916.41.2.250","article-title":"The thromboplastin action of cephalin","volume":"41","author":"McLean J","year":"1916","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1918.47.3.328","article-title":"Two new factors in blood coagulation \u2013 heparin and pro\u2010antithrombin","volume":"47","author":"Howell WH","year":"1918","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0291817"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2006.04781.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-004-0268-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Application of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery","volume":"37","author":"Gibbon JH","year":"1954","journal-title":"Minn Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196504000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Denaturation of plasma proteins as a cause of morbidity and death after intracardiac operations","volume":"50","author":"Lee WH","year":"1961","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V8121959","article-title":"The artificial kidney: a dialyser with a great area. 1944","volume":"8","author":"Kolff WJ","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50574a024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","first-page":"238","article-title":"Construction and evaluation of an alveolar membrane artificial heart\u2013lung","volume":"9","author":"Kolobow T","year":"1963","journal-title":"Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)42292-7","article-title":"Partial cardiopulmonary bypass lasting up to seven days in alert lambs with membrane lung blood oxygenation","volume":"60","author":"Kolobow T","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197203232861204"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)39687-4","article-title":"Prolonged extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support in man","volume":"68","author":"Bartlett RH","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)39962-3","article-title":"Successful treatment of varicella pneumonia with prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a child with leukemia","volume":"73","author":"Hicks RE","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","first-page":"80","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cardiopulmonary support in infancy","volume":"22","author":"Bartlett RH","year":"1976","journal-title":"Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","first-page":"425","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for newborn respiratory failure: forty\u2010five cases","volume":"92","author":"Bartlett RH","year":"1982","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(82)80102-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","first-page":"556","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. 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