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However, it is becoming increasingly clear that amyloid is also present in the healthy setting; for example nontoxic amyloid formation is important for melanin synthesis and in innate immunity. Furthermore, bacteria have mechanisms to produce functional amyloid structures with important roles in bacterial physiology and interaction with host cells. Here, we will discuss some novel aspects of fibril\u2010forming proteins in humans and bacteria. First, the amyloid\u2010forming properties of the antimicrobial peptide human defensin 6 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content>6) will be considered. Intriguingly, unlike other antimicrobial peptides, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content>6 does not kill bacteria. However, recent data show that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content>6 can form amyloid structures at the gut mucosa with strong affinity for bacterial surfaces. These so\u2010called nanonets block bacterial invasion by entangling the bacteria in net\u2010like structures. Next, the role of functional amyloid fibrils in human semen will be discussed. These fibrils were discovered through their property to enhance <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection but they may also have other yet unknown functions. Finally, the role of amyloid formation in bacteria will be reviewed. The recent finding that bacteria can make amyloid in a controlled fashion without toxic effects is of particular interest and may have implications for human disease. The role of amyloid in health and disease is beginning to be unravelled, and here, we will review some of the most recent findings in this exciting area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]],"date-time":"2016-05-06T10:02:49Z","timestamp":1462528969000},"page":"139-152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Amyloid formation: functional friend or fearful foe?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"280","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Bergman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. R.","family":"Roan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of California San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"The J. 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