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Yet, the challenge to create durable transmural lesions remains, leading to recurrence of atrial fibrillation in long\u2010term follow\u2010up even after multiple ablation procedures in 20% of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and approximately 50% with persistent atrial fibrillation. To overcome these limitations, innovative tools such as the cryoballoon and contact force catheters have been introduced and have demonstrated their potential for safe and effective <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVI<\/jats:styled-content>. Furthermore, advanced pharmacological and pacing manoeuvres enhance evaluation of conduction block in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,5]],"date-time":"2016-03-05T16:20:23Z","timestamp":1457194823000},"page":"439-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["What have we learned of ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"279","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Maurer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Asklepios Klinik St. Georg Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. 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