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Most organs can be involved in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content>, and in addition to the typical major organ manifestations (e.g. from kidneys and the central nervous system), early cardiovascular disease is a major determinant of prognosis. Several important findings during the last decade have increased the understanding of the mechanisms behind the disease characteristics and the underlying autoimmune process. Amongst, these are defects in the handling of apoptotic cells, increased expression of type I interferon\u2010regulated genes and activation of autoreactive B cells, with both the type I interferon system and the B lymphocyte stimulator (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>yS) having key roles. In addition, a large number of genes have been identified that contribute to these abnormalities. It has also become clear that certain <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content> risk genes are associated with some organ manifestations, such as <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STAT<\/jats:styled-content>4<\/jats:italic> with nephritis and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IRF<\/jats:styled-content>8<\/jats:italic> with myocardial infarction. Furthermore, environmental factors that can induce <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content> or trigger a disease flare have been identified. As a consequence of this increased knowledge, new treatments for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content> have been developed. The most recently approved drug for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLE<\/jats:styled-content> is belimumab, which blocks <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>yS, and several new therapies and therapeutic strategies are in the pipeline for clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]],"date-time":"2016-06-16T08:39:48Z","timestamp":1466066388000},"page":"52-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Systemic lupus erythematosus: still a challenge for physicians"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"281","author":[{"given":"A. 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