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The gastrointestinal tract is innervated by three types of sensory neurons: dorsal root ganglia, nodose\/jugular ganglia and intrinsic primary afferent neurons. Here, we examine how these distinct sensory neurons and their signal transducers participate in regulating gastrointestinal inflammation and host defence. Sensory neurons are equipped with molecular sensors that enable neuronal detection of diverse environmental signals including thermal and mechanical stimuli, inflammatory mediators and tissue damage. Emerging evidence shows that sensory neurons participate in host\u2013microbe interactions. Sensory neurons are able to detect pathogenic and commensal bacteria through specific metabolites, cell\u2010wall components, and toxins. Here, we review recent work on the mechanisms of bacterial detection by distinct subtypes of gut\u2010innervating sensory neurons. Upon activation, sensory neurons communicate to the immune system to modulate tissue inflammation through antidromic signalling and efferent neural circuits. We discuss how this neuro\u2010immune regulation is orchestrated through transient receptor potential ion channels and sensory neuropeptides including substance P, calcitonin gene\u2010related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase\u2010activating polypeptide. Recent studies also highlight a role for sensory neurons in regulating host defence against enteric bacterial pathogens including<jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter rodentium<\/jats:italic>and enterotoxigenic<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>. Understanding how sensory neurons respond to gastrointestinal flora and communicate with immune cells to regulate host defence enhances our knowledge of host physiology and may form the basis for new approaches to treat gastrointestinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]],"date-time":"2017-02-03T02:56:58Z","timestamp":1486090618000},"page":"5-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Sensory neuron regulation of gastrointestinal inflammation and bacterial host defence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"N. 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